Misconceptions Among Muslim Essay

This is the biggest misconception about Islam, no doubt resulting from the constant stereotyping and bashing the media gives Islam. When a gunman attacks a mosque in the name of Judaism, a Catholic IRA guerrilla sets off a bomb in an urban area, or Serbian Orthodox militiamen rape and kill innocent Muslim civilians, these acts are not used to stereotype an entire faith. Never are these acts attributed to the religion of the perpetrators. Yet how many times have we heard the words ‘Islamic, Muslim fundamentalist, etc.’ linked with violence. Many people use the name of religions for their own purposes. One should consult the source of Islam and separate what the true religion of Islam says from what is portrayed in the media. Islam literally means ‘submission to Allah’ and is derived from a root word meaning ‘peace’. Islam may seem exotic or even extreme in the modern world. Perhaps this is because religion doesn’t dominate everyday life in the West, whereas Islam is considered a ‘way of life’ for Muslims and they make no division between secular and sacred in their lives. Like Christianity, Islam permits fighting in self-defence, in defence of religion, or on the part of those who have been expelled forcibly from their homes. It lays down strict rules of combat, which include prohibitions against harming civilians and against destroying crops, trees and livestock. Nowhere does Islam enjoin the killing of innocents. The Quran says: {Fight in the cause of Allah against those who fight you, but do not transgress limits. Allah does not love transgressors} (Quran 2:190), {If they seek peace, then seek you peace. And trust in Allah for He is the One that heareth and knoweth all things} (Quran 8:61) War, therefore, is the last resort, and is subject to the rigorous conditions laid down by the sacred law. The term ‘jihad’ literally means ‘struggle’. Muslims believe that there are two kinds of jihad. The other ‘jihad’ is the inner struggle of the soul, which everyone wages against egotistic desires for the sake of attaining inner peace.

Be able to work in a person-centred way Essay

2.1- Work with an individual and others to find out the individual’s history, preferences, wishes and needs I should refer to any previous files held with regards to that person Social workers/agencies/person involved in placing the individual into our care should provide as much background info as possible, (psychical, mental, social and emotional health, medical history, behavioural history, personal interests so forth)- myself and the rest of my staff team should familiarise themselves with these files. A new client will undergo assessment, assessing the client’s wishes, preferences and needs. This assessment should be completed within 6 weeks of coming into our care. It allows us to truly acknowledge the clients care needs and wishes, providing us with the grounds to formulate and implement an effective care plan that shows a true reflection of the client’s needs, character and preferences. Individuals in our care will be given chances to engage in regular discussions about their care and how we are promoting their care towards their own wishes and preferences.Comments will be required from the individual to evidence they are given several opportunities to have their input when discussing their care and care strategies. If a care plan doesn’t reflect a true individual’s wishes and needs and does not promote person centred care then I have the responsibility of reporting this to my line manager, in order for it to be altered to a more effective person centred document. 2.2- Demonstrate ways to put person-centred values into practice in a complex or sensitive case Complex cases vary depending upon the client and their individual circumstances, values and beliefs. For instance a client’s care needs may be that they require support in personal care, however the client wishes for this support is to be as minimal as possible to maintain some dignity and self independence. Here our service needs to assess how we can me the individual’s care needs but also promote person-centred care by accommodating the client’s wishes. This can be done by figuring out what support the client is comfortable with and not. For example the client may be happy to have assistance when bathing, providing intimate areas are correctly covered, and staff allow them to dress and undress on their own to maintain privacy. Here all care needs regarding personal care and hygiene are being met as well as delivering it in a person-centred approach. 2.3- Adapt actions and approaches in response to  an individual’s changing needs or preferences Care records and individual risk assessments need to be constantly reviewed in order to make in an appropriate working document. Strategies, approaches and the clients preferences may alter meaning methods of delivering care may change. Therefore in order to ensure care needs can be met in a person centred care approach, records need to be changed and staff need to be communicated and updated on strategy changes. Staff should have full training in ‘care plans’ and how they work; therefore they will be able to monitor the care plan on a daily basis and act in according to the care strategies. They will become aware of any changes in the client and whether they need to implement alterations. If I notice certain areas of the care plan are not working efficiently to meet the needs our client and could be improved, it is then my responsibility to report this back to my man ager, so they can review and update if necessary. When working with the client if I notice any unusual behaviour or causes of concerns I should report it to my manager then depending on the circumstances the care records and risk assessments will be reassessed and the client’s behaviour will be monitored. Be able to establish consent when providing care or support 3.1 Analyse factors that influence the capacity of an individual to express consent The term â€Å"consent capacity† describes an adult’s ability to understand information relevant to making an informed decision. These decisions can vary on the importance such as what the client eats, to activities they participate in, medical consent, so forth. In more complex care decisions such as care strategies, medical options, safe guarding approaches, etc consent from the client may actually not be what’s best for client. Ones mental/intellectual ability can be affected for various reasons, disorders, conditions, and injuries can affect a person’s ability to understand such information. Informed consent is a phrase often used to legally indicate that the consent a person gives meets certain minimum standards. In order to give informed consent, the client concerned must have adequate reasoning ability and be in possession of all relevant facts at the time consent is given. Impairments to reasoning and judgment which may make it impossible for someone to give informed consent. For example basic intellectual or emotional immaturity, high levels of stress such as PTSD, or  severe learning difficulties, mental illnesses affecting one’s own welfare, intoxication, severe sleep deprivation, Alzheimer’s disease, or being in a coma. In these cases consent would need to sought elsewhere, this needs to be from the acting legal guardian for the client (even if its short or long term guardian ship, until the client is able to make appropriate decisions for their own welfare, consent will be needed from legal guardians) such as an acting family member taking legal parental ownership, social workers, having actual legal guardian status, etc.

Learning Analysis

I wanted to apply for a job maintaining databases; however, the company I was applying for used a different program which I needed to learn before being considered for the application. Although I had no assurance of being hired, I bought the program and the book and resolved to learn the program on my own. Whether I get the job or not, I have learned something new to add to my rà ©sumà ©. In my Human Resources Management class, we were taught that the best way to gather information about the prospective applicant is to look at their rà ©sumà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s and that it is often the most used preselection tool. A rà ©sumà © that is complete and presents current information about one’s qualifications and skills will get the most points during selection (Newell & Scarborough, 2002). Moreover, it is also important that when a skill or expertise is listed on a rà ©sumà © it is actually verifiable and that one could demonstrate it if needed.This meant that if I really wanted that job, I should be able to master this program or be able to work with it before I submit that application letter. I approached the task with a sense of urgency since the deadline for the application was in a week. I recalled that in the recruitment process, it is important to have a time frame of the recruitment activities as sometimes the need for an applicant to the position is immediate (Newell & Scarborough, 2002), since the time frame for the application process was in a week, I figured the company must really be in a hurry to fill the job vacancy.A vacancy in the company can be brought about by external turnovers, where the employee voluntarily leave the company, or an internal turnover, where the employee is promoted to a higher position (Mathis & Jackson, 2006). Database administrators usually work alone and it is a very specific job that its job description is basically about how to enter and update information in the company’s database and based on this, I deduced t he former employee of the company I was setting my eyes on resigned. Voluntary resignations often occur because of the need for better paying jobs, job dissatisfaction, disagreement with the management and a whole lot more. However, it would be too much of me to think so far ahead about the reasons why the former database administrator left; it’s the case of counting the rotten eggs even before finding the hen.I was in the middle of my thoughts when I realized that I was not yet working on the program. So I proceeded to install the program on my computer and scanned the guidebook to familiarize myself with the icons and the layout of the interface. Setting up the program on my computer was easy; I followed the instructions carefully and installed the software tutor to help me. Then, I had the book of instructions and proceeded to punch out some commands and clicked on the icons on the screen in front of me. Then after 10 minutes, I realized I was not learning anything!I could not make heads or tails about what the program was about really, and it was like a tangle of senseless letters and numbers. Besides, my head was spinning from straining my eyes at the monitor and then looking at the guide book and asking help from the program tutor. In this predicament, I found myself looking back at the human resource management theories that I took up this semester at the university. HR concepts and theories are actually valuable instruments that would help organizations become productive (Ulrich& Brockbank, 2005)I remembered that motivating people to learn something new or to have them attend skills training is one of the most difficult tasks that an HR manager have to face. Research had found that employees willingly attend trainings and workshops since it would free them from their daily work routines, however, whether they learn anything from it or not has not been established (Kraiger & Ford, 2006). Although, researchers agree that an employee who have posit ive attitudes towards the training program would likely benefit more from the training while a negative attitude towards the training sessions would mean that the possibility of learning has already been blocked. Designing an effective training program should be based on motivation theories and adult learning.Motivation theories indicate that in order for the individual to accomplish a task, the goal itself should be one that the individual values (Mathis & Jackson, 2006). This would mean that the training should be one that is related to the work tasks of the employee and that it could be perceived as an opportunity for growth and development. Training activities should also be designed to provide opportunities for the participants to succeed and feel that they are competent, thus, if the skills training is about making performance evaluation instruments then the participants could be asked to make their own instrument and input can be given in how to make performance evaluations w hich would either validate the participants skills or teach them new ones.The needs theory of motivation also says that trainings should answer a need; this means that the employee will perceive the training as personally important to him/her if it satisfies a need. The need for growth, for achievement, for competence and for affiliation is answered by training programs. When an employee is required to attend a training workshop, it tells him that the company wants him to become better at his job, that they care about his personal quest for professional growth, and that the company is looking after their employees (Pfeffer &  Veiga, 1999). Aside from motivation, a key factor in effective training programs is adult learning theories.The effectiveness of trainings and workshops is measured by the amount of skills transferred from the training to the actual job (Kraiger & Aguinis, 2001). However, literature says that training effectiveness in terms of learning transfer has not been a dequately studied due to the difficulty of monitoring learning in the workplace. Adult learning theories suggests that adults learn experientially, that is by doing and applying what is being taught (Nkomo, Fottler & McAfee, 2005). Thus, if the skills being taught are customer service courtesy, it would be more effective if the skill is taught using role playing techniques and applying it to real life situations than if it was just taught using lectures.Moreover, learning happens in a continuum, one being effective learning and remembering and the other is end is forgetting and decay. Thus, trainings should be given periodically, it should not be a one-shot deal where you would expect that everything is learned and that it should not be repeated (Salas,  Cannon ­Bowers,  Rhodenizer  &  Bowers, 1999), however it makes no sense to train employees on something that they do not need or one that is not relevant to their jobs. After, this musings and theoretical exercise, I went back to my database program and begun learning it in a different approach.First off, I delegated a time for my learning schedule that is on the same time everyday, then I chose between the guide book or the tutor to help me since using both would be confusing and exhausting. From what I learned on adult learning, the training session should be interactive, one that I can work on and see concrete results or outputs, so settled for the tutor and ditched the guidebook. Second, on my first session, I read the introductory part of the program and had the tutorial run to give an overview of the program, because the HR texts said one must first understand what the training is for and where it could be used to make the person’s job easier or more meaningful.The tutorial was interactive so I got to associate the different commands with its specific functions and I remembered it easily because I could visualize the icon, no wonder programs have icons, it makes the manipulation of the program simpler. After several tutorials I then proceeded to work on the program on my own, I printed the sample exercises and then proceeded to work on the database using the exercises and if I could not make sense of it, I then asked the tutor for help.The best thing about the activities was that it worked on an actual data, although it was fictitious, I had something to work with and could treat them as real. What was gratifying was that every time I was able to complete an exercise and produce the output exactly as it was presented in the training program, I felt I accomplished something and I was sure that I was really learning. At present, I am still on the third chapter but it has been a good run, and that job application seems to be on the positive side since many of those who applied are also not familiar with the program.ReferencesKraiger, K. & Ford, J. K. (2006). The expanding role of workplace training: Themes and trendsinfluencing training research and practice.   In L. L. Koppes (Ed.), Historical perspectives in industrial and organizational psychology.   Mahwah, NJ:   Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Kraiger, K. & Aguinis, H. (2001). Training effectiveness: Assessing training needs, motivation,and accomplishments.   In M. London (Ed.), How people evaluate others in organizations:   Person perception and interpersonal judgment in I/O psychology.Mathis, R. & Jackson, J. (2006). Human resource management 11th   ed. Boston:Thomson/Southwestern.Newell, H. & Scarborough, H. (2002). HRM in Context – A Case Study Approach. London:Palgrave.Nkomo, S.,   Fottler, M. & McAfee, R. (2005). Applications in human resource management:Cases, Exercises, and Skill Builders 5th   ed. Boston: Thomson/Southwestern.Pfeffer,  J.,  &  Veiga,  J.F.  Ã‚  (1999).  Ã‚  Putting  people   first  for  organizational  success.   Academy  ofManagement  Executive,  13,  37 ­48.Salas,  E.,  Cannon ­Bowers,  J.,  Rhodeniz er,  L.,  &  Bowers,  C.  (1999).  Training  inorganizations:  Myths,  misconceptions,  and  mistaken  assumptions.  Research  in  Personneland  Human  Resources  Management,  17, 123 ­161.Ulrich, D.& Brockbank, W. (2005). The HR Value Proposition. Boston: Harvard BusinessSchool Press.

Graphic Organizer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Graphic Organizer - Assignment Example Object knowledge is far more important that world knowledge, and must be the focus of education, the primary emphasis on the curriculum must first be Greek, Latin and Grammar, wherein the learning of object knowledge will be facilitated properly (Chandra, Chandra and Sharma 46) The primary aim of education is for the natural development of the child’s abilities and powers, education is also primarily for survival, curriculum must be designed according to the four different stages in life (infancy, childhood, adolescence, youth), learning must be derived not primarily orally, but from self-experience and doing (Chandra, Chandra and Sharma 79) Education is the primary means for the social continuity of the life of citizens in a society, education is a necessity on order for society to move forward, is a proponent of the idea of Educational Progressivism, opposed authoritarian approach to modern education   Founder of Montessori method, formulated a new pedagogy wherein there would be instruction for 3 year old age groups, children are viewed as competent learners deserved to be taught, child observation is to be the basis of curriculum development, especially in a controlled environment   Theorized the banking concept of education, advocate for a critical pedagogy wherein students and ;earners must use education as a ground for freedom and liberation, and not for the preservation of status

Review of the Literature (It is related Final Project) Article

Review of the Literature (It is related Final Project) - Article Example These components remain applicable to different professions, but specific professions have ethical values governed by prevailing legal elements within the profession. While some professions remain generally governed by internal regulation, other professions, like nursing and midwifery, have statutory bodies regulating professional ethical conduct. Ethical issues in healthcare profession Contrary to other professions, the healthcare professional ethics are governed by statutory bodies. These bodies impose an element of legality within the professional ethics. The close relationships between these elements create significant difficulty of separating malpractices based on ethical values and those related to legal values. The healthcare professional ethics become complicated by the inclusion of numerous statutory laws, professional regulations and expected high standards of practice. Ethical issues within the profession become intertwined within the numerous legal elements governing oper ating standards, expected by the society from medical professionals. While certain elements remain legal within the provisions of law, ethical factors could contradict numerous undertaking of the medical profession. Abortion, for example, is legal within many American jurisdictions; however, performing abortion might appear unethical because of the attributed societal concerns (Greenwood, 2012). Confidentiality This issue remains both ethical and legal within the medical profession. Under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability (HIPAA) Act of 1996, privacy rule requires medical professionals to maintain confidentiality of a patient’s medical information. Ethically, information shared between a patient and doctor should remain confined within their knowledge. Medical professionals could be legally sued for allowing leakage of such information. Deliberate release of this information could amount to unethical practice, but could also initiate litigation from the aggr ieved party (Wafa, 2010). This information could, however, be mistakenly released from confining information centers resulting in legal action being undertaken against the medical professional involved. Though there are legal elements concerning information confidentiality, healthcare professional are never administered with legal oaths of confidentiality. The lack of legally binding agreements to confidentiality, places the issue within ethical boundaries. Healthcare professional remain ethically bound to these legislative measures concerning various ethical practices. The major advantage of this legal and ethical element remains the ability for public members to initiate legal action against medical practitioners. The need to avoid litigation processes could enhance better confidentiality within the healthcare profession. Should mistakes occur, leading to leakage of such information, the medical professionals’ careers become risky. Lawsuits against doctors could have advers e effects on reputation of doctors; hence affect their abilities in delivering or undertaking similar healthcare operations. While medical professions become careful in maintaining confidentiality, instances breaching the confidentiality could become career-destroying moments. Malpractice This could be defined as an element of both legal and ethical practice factors. Malpractice borders between legal and ethical

Assessing Theories and Practices in Recruitment, Selection and Essay

Assessing Theories and Practices in Recruitment, Selection and Diversity Management - Essay Example Every human resource department desires to be able to hire the best fitting person for the job in terms of skills, attitude and personality. Thus companies find ways to develop and benchmark among various "good practices" in their recruitment and selection processes. This paper lays down some good practices and analyses underlying processes and theories focusing on the management of recruitment and selection programs. The paper also discusses diversity management and its effects on the program's outcomes. Companies continuously strategise to determine their competitive edge in the business world. Likewise, they need to continuously analyse the strength of their workforce including the gaps between supply and demand of available workers. Planning is a proactive move and a strategic activity that enables company to identify the needed critical skills and forecast the activities that will generate these needed critical skills. (Revelle 1995) Through the strategic workforce planning, companies will be armed with the information: what the company needs and what people will be available to meet those needs. Recruitment Processes "Garbage in - garbage out." (Armstrong 2006) Many problems in the workplace may be traced from poor workforce planning and poor implementation of the recruitment and selection programs. Many businesses, particularly those without properly installed human resource departments are guilty of these and they realize it too late when they already have unproductive and troublesome employees in their midst. Recruitment is one major function of the human resource department. It is the process of "finding the right people for the right job". (McNamara 1997) The Selection process is usually tagged along with the recruitment process together because of the interrelatedness of the functions. The recruitment aspect focuses on locating and inviting the prospective applicants. Dr. Paul R. Bernthal of Development Dimensions International gave the definition of recruitment as "the process of identifying and attracting a group of potential candidates from within and outside the organization to evaluate for employment." (2002) Once these candidates are identified then employment selection process begins. A research conducted in 2002 by Dr. Bernthal on 573 member companies of the Electronic Recruiting Exchange made important findings on best practices and trends in recruitment as well as in selection. (2002) Among the findings were that companies tend to hire external than internal candidates. This is true to mid or senior level positions. It is understandable for companies to prefer external candidates because many companies need additional skills and new breeds in their workforce. After thorough inventory of employees' skills, most companies find need for additional skills into the company thus they most often prefer to hire new employees than fill vacant positions with those from the ranks. Another finding from the DDI research was that most organizations are agreeable to increase their funds for human resource development particularly in their recruitment and selection programs. About 33% of human resource funds is allocated for recruitment and about 18% for selection processes. (Bernthal 2002) Many companies are already conscious of the importance of proper recruitment proces

The class castle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The class castle - Essay Example The movie starts with seventeen-year old Michael who is homeless and living on the streets. Growing up, he had been moved from one foster home to another and now he had taken upon himself to live alone. Out of circumstances including Coach Burt Cotton’s belief that due to his imposing built Michael will prove to be an asset for the school football team, he is admitted into the private and exclusive Wingate Christian School despite his poor academic record. There, due to his childish personality and his inability to connect with people of his own age group he befriends the youngest Tuohy kid, S.J Tuohy (Jae Head). The story begins when Michael Oher is spotted on the street wearing nothing but shorts and T-shirt in the dead of winter by a devout Christian Leigh Anne Tuohy (Sandra Bullock).   Leigh Anne is a strong willed woman who is an established interior designer and the franchise owner of several Taco Bells. Upon learning that Michael is one of her daughter’s classmates she invites him into her house for the night. Next morning when Michael makes to leave, Leigh Anne insists that he spend the Thanksgiving weekend with her family. What started as a gesture of kindness on Leigh Anne’s part slowly turns into something more as Michael becomes a part of the Tuohy family despite the doubts expressed by Leigh Anne’s rich friends. One of them is even strongly rebuked for trying to tell Leigh Anne that her teenage daughter Collins (Lily Collins) is not safe around him. Leigh Anne and her easygoing husband Sean (Tim McGraw) provide Michael with all the support he needs to become a good player on the field. He has a shaky start due to his gentle nature. Leigh Anne on learning that Michael scored 98% in â€Å"protective instincts† in his career aptitude test advices the Coach to tap into his protective instincts. She makes Michael realize that the teammates are

Globalization and Inequality in Developing Nations Research Paper

Globalization and Inequality in Developing Nations - Research Paper Example However, globalization has progressively changed these aspects thereby introducing a new view and ways of governance, conducting business and living. It has been argued that gradually, globalization leads to a rising tide of income for particular groups in developing nations thereby creating inequality (Yusuf 32). Opponents of globalization, on the other hand, argue that while the aspect does improve overall income standards (in the eventual long run); such benefits are however not shared equitably, amongst a nation’s citizenry population (Yusuf 34). Moreover, they are concerned with the fact that widening income disparities, do not only raise both social and welfare concerns but that they also do limit the pertinent drivers of growth and industry. This is informed by the fact that the various opportunities created by the process, may not necessarily become fully exploited especially by the low-income earning bracket (Yusuf 36). Thus ultimately, they envisage the sustainability of the process (globalization), being adversely affected by the rising standards of inequality. This is despite its dependence on the maintenance of broader support across not only state but also global populations (Yusuf 37). This is perhaps the main reason why there continues to exist, continuous heated debate, on the need and importance of the process of human development. Without doubt, the process of globalization has benefited mankind and at the same time brought a cost to overall social contexts through inequalities.

Personal Statement for UC Application Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

For UC Application - Personal Statement Example I took pride in being part of one of the top musicals staged by my school, â€Å"The Awakening†. I also became a committee member of a few concert events. Being part of a group that brings delight and entertainment to people gave me a sense of accomplishment. Eventually, my exposure in business opened new doors for me. As I grew up, I had to temporarily leave behind my extra-curricular activities to prepare for a career. After graduation, I endeavored to get jobs that are related to Marketing. It took me a while to get a job. All along, I thought it would be easy. But during the process, I realized that it was a challenge making sales, convincing people to purchase the services that the company offered. It got to a point when I had no sales at all. That’s when I vowed to improve myself. I did self studying, reading books and getting inputs from my superiors. The efforts paid off because I was able to close deals eventually. It was a good learning experience. Shortly aft er, I worked in a Marketing Department in Lico, an interior design company in Hong Kong. As a member of the marketing staff, I still got to practice my creativity by handling advertising and marketing for the company. My sales stint allowed me to be creative in dealing with customers who have discriminating tastes. It is in this light that I decided to take further studies in Economics. A degree in Economics will equip with the necessary know how in understanding, not only business management, but also in looking at the economy from a broader perspective. I want to have a macro view of the industry vis-a-vis the country and the world economy. Having this skill would allow me to plan effectively for business expansion and growth. An economics degree would help me become more analytical and critical about business facts and figures. It will likewise provide me a chance for multitude of career options that would lead to fulfilling and challenging jobs. By the time I graduate as economi cs major, I would like to be able to have a logical approach on solutions planning and problem solving. I also want to be data-savvy, knowing how to understand trends and figures and make them my references in planning for business expansion. Strategic planning and quantitative analysis are two facets of economics that I want to master. These would definitely help me assist my Father in making our business succeed. 2. Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experience that is important to you. What about this quality or accomplishment makes you proud, and how does it relate to the person you are? At this point, I now understand that I can approach my dreams being whole-brained, not being limited to the left or the right; not having to choose between my creative and analytical side. I am lucky to have all these skills, and one great opportunity to put these skills into practice to benefit my family. If given the chance to take up the BS Economics Deg ree in this university, I would endeavor myself to be focused and results driven, using all my experiences to maximize opportunities. My hunger for knowledge is my best tool to succeed in this course. On top of these skills, my personal traits also complement my dream to enter the university to take up a degree in Economics. I am a highly curious person, always wanting to get into the thick of

Describe the scientific method of research. Identify the key Essay

Describe the scientific method of research. Identify the key components, providing examples of each. Provide support for your answer - Essay Example The research method is also objective and is conducted within strict scopes that can facilitate such objectives. This feature further identifies rules that are associated with applicable research methods and restricts a researcher’s activities and behavior. The method of research is also characterized by an empirical approach in which knowledge is developed from evidence that is analyzed towards conclusions. The communicated findings from a scientific research therefore assume a high level of validity and reliability. Further, scientific method research is â€Å"systematic and cumulative,† demonstrating a level of orderliness and interconnectivity with each other (Wimmer and Dominick 13). A scientific research for instance, relies of previous studies in its field, for review of existing knowledge towards identification of information gap and statements of the involved problem. It is also important to note that the scientific method of research offers a basis for forecas ting into future trend, based on its reliance on past data sets (Wimmer and Dominick 13). The systematic approach of scientific method of research identifies key components of the research. The first component of a scientific method of research is the research title that communicates the involved subject matter and is in most cases a summary of the entire research process. ‘Investigating significance of the social media in marketing’ is an example of title and it describes the scope of the involved research. The second component is an abstract that offers an overview of the research’s components by summarizing other components of the research. Introduction is another component of the research and includes literature review, problem statement, purpose of the research and research hypothesis or questions or both. Literature review forms the major component of the introduction and defines an analytical report on

Persuasive Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Persuasive - Research Paper Example iated with drug use is via a lens of public health applying accurate, drug based education to the society and efficient drug treatment for problematic appliance. Harm reduction policies centers and focus on personal choices and safe habits for drug use (Klebber, 1994). Harm reduction policies have proved to be a better and viable approach in dealing with drug related problems in society since its main approached to dealing with the issue involves using individuals and community without necessary reducing or stopping drug use but educating the public on the harms associated with drug use. Decision makers and practitioners are accountable for their decisions and intervention measures. Principles of harm reduction encourage consultation, debate and dialogue which gives room to wide range of stakeholders to be engaged in policy development, delivery, evaluation and program implementation. During this process, people who use drugs and the entire community are involved in making decisions that affect them. Harm reduction is very essential in fighting drug use in that it uses a humane approach to assist people change risky behaviors. It is humane since you have to meet people in their own terms rather than confronting them on yours by encouraging them to give up on risky behaviors. Harm reduction is a realistic approach because it advocates for responsible use of currently illegal drugs (Nadelman, 1994). Harm reduction practitioners advocate for the importance of nay positive change that drug users and affected communities make in their lives. More so, harm reductions intervention measures are more facilitative rather than forceful and based on the needs of the individual. As such, harm reduction policies are made to meet people’s demands. Some public laws or policies aims at reducing the harms linked to the use of tobacco and alcohol involve tightening restrictions imposed on intoxicated drinking and smoking restrictions. In addition, harm reduction policies have

No Child Left Behind vs. Inequalities Essay Example for Free

No Child Left Behind vs. Inequalities Essay The American educational system suffers from a wide disparity between the poor and rich schools in the country. Race relations is a prominent cause of the problem wherein the white-dominated school districts get the most funding and government support while non-white children live in poverty, academic underachievement, indifferent government officials and hopelessness. The No Child Left Behind Act seeks to lessen this disparity by equalizing governmental funding, ensuring a competent teaching workforce and instilling a system of accountability. However, like many other laws, No Child Left Behind has its shortcomings and needs re-examination and/or fine tuning to ensure its effectiveness. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Issues in Jonathan Kozol’s Book Through the book Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools, Kozol (1991) made several noteworthy points such as (1) many schools in poverty-stricken areas have non-white children comprising the majority of their student populations, (2) poor, run-down schools in non-white neighborhoods view themselves as serving those children who have little value to the country, (3) students, school administrators, public officials and community residents have a shared feeling of hopelessness for their plight and nobody is willing to be accountable for the problem, and (4) increased funding for the poorest schools in America can make a difference if this is accompanied by a change in the society’s attitude (pp. 82, 114, 243). Former US President George W. Bush signed â€Å"The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001† into law on January 8, 2002 as part of his educational reform agenda (â€Å"No Child†, 2007). The Act sought for immense transformation in America’s K-12 education by underscoring four principles: (1) greater accountability for results, (2) increased flexibility and local control, (3) expanded options for parents, and (4) an emphasis on proven and effective teaching methods (â€Å"New Jersey†, 2006). The four principles are aligned with the areas of racial inequalities among schools as identified by Kozol (Check, 1992, p. 1) which include funding, governmental assistance, political support, buildings upkeep, quality of educators, availability of and funding for school supplies, extra-curricular facilities, overcrowding and accountability system (Warner, 2002, n. d. ). Extent of Effectiveness of the Act Some of No Child Left Behind’s remedies are more pronounced in student academic performance. Thompson and Barnes (2007) cite that albeit slow progress, NCLB yields favorable results in strengthening student academic achievement. For example, scores in mathematics among 4th and 8th graders from 2003 to 2005 increased nationwide with scores for Hispanic and African American students showing significant improvement in the same period. Further, 4th graders’ national average scores in reading improved while achievement gap between African American and Hispanic 4th graders narrowed slightly from 2003 to 2005 (p. 16). More than two-thirds of the states also reported that test scores disparity in terms of race, income, or language background has lessened or stayed the same (Rentner et. al. , 2006 as cited in Thompson and Barnes, 2007, p. 16). On the contrary, the mostly debated shortcomings of the law fall in three areas. First, its stringent assessment and reporting requirements forced educators to allocate instructional time in preparation for assessment thereby suppressing creative learning in the classroom. Secondly, the Department of Education has failed to immediately ensure and monitor that the states comply with the NCLB’s teacher quality provisions; this being done only two years after the effectivity of the law. Lastly, fund disbursements in some states primarily devoted to professional development were done without full consideration of effectiveness or content quality of the trainings (Thompson and Barnes, 2007, pp. 19-20). Conclusion In summary, the NCLB has laid the foundations for educational reform and academic equality but continuous evaluation is essential to make the law work for all. References Check, J. (1992). Book Review: Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Shools, by Jonathan Kozol. The Quarterly, 14 (3). Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www. nwp. org/cs/public/print/resource/1139 Kozol, J. (1991). Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools. New York: Harper Collins New Jersey No Child Left Behind. (2006). Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www. nj. gov/education/grants/nclb/

Roll of children in family shopping behaviour

Roll of children in family shopping behaviour Much of human behaviour is viewed as a process, which begins with early childhood experience, and develops into later life emotions, values, beliefs, and behaviours. Todays children possibly have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than previous generations, which follows that children are vocal about what they want their parents to buy (Dotson and Hyatt, 2005). Therefore young children are increasingly the target of advertising and marketing. This is not only because of the influence they have on their parents spending, but also because they are going to be adult consumers of the future. Therefore marketers should recognise the childrens increasing influence in purchase decisions. This paper will explore the extent to which family shopping behaviour is influenced by children and what role do they play in decision-making process. Internal and external influences which affect what, when and how family members buy things and what role they play within the family will also be discussed. Additionally, it will examine the lessons for marketing practice. Finally, these concepts and critically analysed and evidenced data will be explored throughout the essay and brought towards the conclusion. Family decision making is a type of consumer decision-making that involves several individuals as potential decision makers and influencers (Norgaard et.al. 2007). According to McNeal (1992), children have long been recognised as an influencing market and at the same time future market, and parents started paying more attention to their children and their opinions. These changes in family communication have made it possible for children to exert influence on family decision-making. Consequently, family structures have changed which noticeably influences family decision-making. Flurry (2007) who has written a number of credible articles about childrens influence in purchase decisions and is specialised in marketing, argues that childrens influence varies by number of variables, including type of product, decision-making stages, parental attitudes as well as characteristics of the child and the family unit. In general, children may have significant influence in product decisions for wh ich they will be the primary consumers. For instance, it has been found that children have substantial impact on decisions such as breakfast cereals, snack foods, toys, children clothes and school supplies (Evans et.al. 2006). However, even though they are primary consumers of these products and are considered to have significant influencing power, it usually depends on the age of the child. In contrast, in Thomsons et.al. (2007) study children have been found to have less influence on decisions for products that are more expensive and used by the whole family (for instance TV). Earlier attempts (in marketing) to understand the role of children was made by Berey and Pollay (1968), the research was done when they were university students, however, the project was reviewed by educated professors during most phases of the project, which gives the paper more credibility. Berey and Pollay (1968) state, that a mothers purchase behaviour is independent of number of variables, such as a childs age, the number of children in the family, mothers employment status and the number of trips to the shopping centre. Furthermore, authors argue that mothers who are more child-centred have a greater tendency to purchase products following their view of what is right and healthy. On the other hand, a mother who is less child-centred may be more likely to purchase the brands that the child prefers in order to keep the child happy (Berey and Pollay, 1968). According to Norgaard et.al. (2007), one of the areas where children have gained strong influence is food choice. Since food plays a central role in family life and routines, parents want to ensure that their children eat healthy food, but at the same time also what they like. Moreover, it has been found that food choices are less healthy in families with more influential children. According to Mintel (2002), baby boomers as a generation have tended to spoil their offspring, making them more receptive to childrens reasonable demands and making pester power an even more effective weapon in the marketing. Pester Power, a term used to define a childs influence over a parent in the buying process (Mintel, 2002). It has been found, that younger children tend to make more pestering requests than the older siblings. Children may try to persuade or dominate parents by using emotive appeals, crying, pouting or other non-verbal techniques to gain influence over the decision outcome (Lee and Collins, 2000). Thus when parents exert less control over child-rearing, children are more likely to suggest or request items for their own consumption and to participate in the search for and decision to purchase these items. Moreover, Ward and Wackman (1972) found that childrens purchase influence attempts may decrease with age, depending on the type of product, however, mothers yielding to requests increases with age. This might be because of the increased competence of older children in making judgments about purchase decisions. Later study by Beatty and Talpade (1994) suggested that personal resources of the child, usage of the product and childs product knowledge determined the degree of influence. For instance, children are considered to be more acknowledgeable than their parents in areas such as sports a nd beverages, or computer games. Furthermore, Commuri and Gentry (2000) whose research on the topic is supported by a great number of sources, argue that the role of the child in family decision making depends partly upon whom one asks and how many members in the household there are. Following from the earlier studies, Flurry (2007) examined further the extent to which parents may be more inclined to consider the input of older children when making family purchase decisions. Moreover families with fewer children, where there is less competition for resources, enable a child for more freedom in selecting their own products. Flurrys (2007) study concluded that the childs birth order may also be related to a childs participation in decision-making with first-born children exerting greater purchase decision influence. However, the respondents in the research were children aged 9-11 with their mothers; therefore Flurrys research results may not be generalizable for all children, for inst ance under 9 years old. Palan and Wilkes (1997) have provided one of the first comprehensive identification and categorization of influence strategies used by children to influence the outcome of family purchasing decisions. The strategies include: bargaining, persuasion, emotional, legitimate, request, expert and directive strategy. However, there are age-related changes in adolescent thinking and transitions in decision-making competence during youth. Furthermore, Wimalasiris (2004) study undertaken with families from broad diversity of socio-economic statuses revealed, that children may be perceived as influencers or even nagging influencers and sometimes have the power in persuading their parents in fulfilling their needs. For instance, children can use tactics such as upward appeal, pressure tactics, ingratiating tactics, rational persuasion, inspirational appeals and consultative tactics. Children slowly acknowledge the power and authority of their parents and they learn through experience or trial an d error that certain tactics may persuade their parents to fulfil with their requests. The use of the emotional strategies in order to gain influence is relatively common. However, the use of the various tactics changes as children get older. As children grow up they rely less on the pressure tactics employed by toddlers and become more clever in their appeals (Wimalasiri, 2004). Todays child-influenced sales volume can be credited to several factors, for instance, most families have fewer children, which increase the influence of each child. Secondly, working couples can afford to allow their children to make the choice, and finally, because of the constant exposure to media, children learn about products and services and are in position to convince their parents as what is good or bad (Wimalasiri, 2004). Children are consuming average of 5.5 hours a day using media such as television, print and computer (Dotson and Hyatt, 2005). Therefore it can be said, that the market speed of technological change and educational development has left many children more knowledgeable than their parents. The perceived knowledge of the Internet by children in comparison to their parents may impact on the way children develop Internet consumer skills (Thomson and Laing, 2003). Consequently, children sometimes not only have greater input, but also their input is being shaped b y unmatched access to external socialisation agents. Consumer socialisation, the process by which an individual acquires the skills needed to function in the marketplace as a consumer (Solomon et.al, 2010) has also significant role in family shopping behaviour. Family is identified as the primary socialisation agent for children. According to Flurry (2007), todays trends show that parents are less child-centred, less controlling and investing less time with their children than their parents were. This change in socialisation means that children may have more control over their own marketplace decisions as well as the freedom to apply their preferences in purchase decision-making. It is also possible, that time pressured parents of today may also feel guilty about not spending enough time with their children and therefore allow them more influence. Moreover, children are raised in different types of families and learn different norms, roles and consumer skills which play a significant role on the way children participate in family decis ion-making process (Flurry, 2007). Therefore, the differences in childrens consumption behaviour may be shaped by various skills learned in different socio-economic backgrounds, parental child-education attitudes as well as parental communication styles (Page and Ridgway, 2001). However, it is important to mention that agents from the external environment such as mass media and peers may sometimes be outpacing the family. Lessons for marketing practice According to Caruana and Vassallo (2003), from the early 1990s children have progressively become focus of marketers since it became obvious that besides being customers in their own right, childrens influence on family purchasing was steadily increasing. Dotson and Hyatt (2005) state, that marketers already recognising children as an important group to study, because their attitudes regarding products and brands are still in their formative stages and their current experiences affect their future brand preferences and marketplace behaviour. However, the authors do not discuss in their paper the ethical issues associated with marketing to young people. Today it is widely accepted that retailers have ethical and commercial responsibilities to their stakeholders, for instance, dealing honestly with customers, suppliers, avoiding using manufacturing labour, or indulging in unsustainable environmental practices (Nicholls and Cullen, 2004). Clark (2002) stresses that when advertising the goods, either to children or adults, marketers need to take into consideration the rules created by Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), which points out that advertising should not exploit childrens credulity, loyalty, vulnerability, or lack of experience. According to Nicholls and Cullen (2004), advertising may even help children learn to be consumers and consequently has an important socialisation role to play in their development. However, in ethical context, children younger than 10 years old cannot always distinguish between television advertising and entertainment or factual programming. Therefore children may be vulnerable to improper manipulation by marketers. Newlands and Frith (1996) state that children do not understand persuasive intent until they are eight or nine years old, therefore it is unethical to advertise to them before then. For instance, the TV advertising appears to be dominated by junk food that of confectionery, fast food and pre-sugared cereals (Turner, et.al. 2006). It seems that there are no adverts for fresh fruit or vegetables during the childrens programmes. This may have a negative influence on childrens understanding of what is good or bad, healthy or unhealthy. Children have a significant impact on the success of many businesses despite the fact that they spend little or no actual money. In terms of marketing perspective, it is important to consider the four of seven Ps. For instance, it is vital to keep in mind that the environment plays a key role in marketing and sales efforts. Suitable shop interior design can put consumers in the mood to buy. Regarding childrens shops, the merchandise should be easy to reach, shops should interact with children letting them to touch the toys or play with games and the use bright colours are key factors to success (Mintel, 2008a). Moreover, cool product packaging attracts childrens eye and marketers should be creative when using colours, interesting boxes, and shapes (Mintel, 2008a). When marketing to children, marketers need to be particularly safety-conscious. This refers to both the product and the manner in which the product is being advertised or promoted. Marketers need to understand that gender segmentation is an important variable used when marketing the products to girls and boys, however, media strategies used to reach them can be the same for both genders (Lee and Collins, 2000). For some products, marketers could even target children directly rather than through parents (even though parents are the ones who have the final veto on what is bought) with child oriented messages, logos and characters that highlight cool and fun image. However, Dotson and Hyatt (2005), who have done a number of observations on young peoples consumer behaviour, argue that the cool brand image appeal might not be effective with certain segments of the childrens market, for instance, those who are less independent in their marketplace. In terms of promotion, marketers could direct messages regarding decision making to family members who dominate particular stages of the decision process. For example, marketers could directly target mothers regarding chil dren clothing. Moreover, featuring cartoon or other characters from childrens television programmes to gain their endorsement for their products is a worthy tactic. Celebrity endorsement may be even more influential among children than adults and could also be used when advertising the products (Mintel, 2008). The use of age-appropriate language, current phrases, and being succinct is important when creating promotional messages in communication campaigns for children. Another trend observed by Dotson and Hyatt (2005) show that young people are more adaptive and open to new technologies than adults. Therefore this openness might mean that what marketers know today about marketing to children may relatively quick become out of date, because young people surf onto the next emerging idea or trend. Additionally, when observing childrens attitudes towards brands and their shopping behaviour, marketers should not only rely on traditional market research approaches, but also through observation, conversation and engagement. Finally, marketers who target children have three main objectives: to directly seek children as customers, to work directly on parents through childrens pester power and to imprint the younger generation with positive brand associations. To conclude, it can be said, that children are found to play an important role throughout the purchase process. Knowledge and information may facilitate and enhance the adoption of various influence behaviours. Family consumer behaviour is a complex area compared to individual decision making which may be that the relationships among members of the family are relatively complicated to sort out into meaningful constructs. Children may have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents buying decisions through pester power and they are adult consumers of the future. Families have also become more democratic and childrens views are taken more into consideration. According to the literature reviewed in this essay it can be said that children have a right to some control over purchases that involve them, however, that exercising this right can result in confrontation and pestering of parents (specifics of this disruption may depend on the product category). The degree of a childs influence on family decision making process varies with the childs age, social class and education. Additionally, parents response towards their childrens initiation varies between cultures; therefore markete rs should take these facts into consideration when designing and implementing sales promotion and advertising strategies. Effective marketing of products requires knowledge of how products are purchased and what sources of influence individual family members apply to the decision process. Marketers need to examine the relative influence of family members at each stage of the decision-making process (possibly for each products category). Understanding choice and influence process (of children) may provide marketers with the opportunity to shape brand choice and childrens behaviour as future consumers.

Structural Consensus and Structural Conflict Theories

Structural Consensus and Structural Conflict Theories Compare and contrast structural consensus and structural conflict theories of social action with interpretivist perspectives that emphasize human agency In Sociology, one of the main concepts that have influenced social theory is structure and social action. Functionalism and Marxism fit into the structure view that emphasises the macro perspective; examining society as a whole and how it shapes human behaviour and ideas, therefore, in order to understand human behaviour, the social structures are in need of investigation (Brym Lie, 2009) . On the other hand, social action theories are voluntaristic. They focus on human interactions upon a micro level. It argues that individuals have free will and are not ‘puppets’; therefore, the actions and meanings of individuals create and shape the society. This suggests actions are not determined by structure. In this essay, these theories will be addressed in order to gain a better understanding of how they are relevant in today’s society. It is important to compare and contrast these theories through use of evidence and critical thinking as they often contradict each othe r but nonetheless create a wider understanding of human agency. In the first half of this essay, structural conflict is illustrated as an assumption that society is becoming more individualistic, though as a counter argument functionalism uses the idea of social solidarity, which leads to their further analysis showing their agreements and disagreements. A contrary debate is provided in the second section of the essay that focuses further on the humanist individualistic approach. However, Weber believes both structural and social action should be taken in to consideration in order to understand human’s actions efficiently. Functionalism falls into structural consensus theory that came into sociology in the middle of twentieth century, although, some of its ideas were present in the founders of sociology in the ninetieth century. It has been argued that the model that functionalism has created of society has led to other perspectives re-emerging in response to those ideas (O’Byrne, 2010). Thus the theory has made such impact on sociological thinking to this day. Functionalists such as Emile Durkheim (1858- 1917) whom is arguably one of the founding fathers of sociology firstly stressed consensus notion in social structure; stating that any human thinking is inherited rather than invented. This takes place in socialisation process that teaches humans to conform to norms and values or in other words- cultural behaviour considerably accepted in certain settings (Jones, 2003). He deemed this term ‘collective consciousness’; Durkheim described this as beliefs and ideas of a common human b eing in the same society (Punch et al, 2013). Furthermore, Durkheim explored society as a system and its function within the society. In order to explain this, use of organic analogy takes place as a way of describing how each social factor or institutions are interdependent for the society’s needs. For instance, if one body organ stops functioning, then the rest of the body cannot survive, this can be explained within social institutions too, without the nuclear family the society wouldn’t be able to form social cohesion and solidarity (Jones, 2001). On the other hand, other functionalists such as Talcott Parsons had similar ideas, though ‘for Talcott Parsons one of the central tasks of sociology is to analyse society as a system of functionally interrelated variables’ (Cohen, 1968, p.45). Although Parsons does links his ideas to Durkheim, that is, in the society the personal beings and their views need to be treated as variables as stated by Cohen (1968). In contrast to structural consensus theories mentioned above, Marxism is known as a structural conflict theory that has been influenced and introduced by Karl Marx (1818- 1883). Economics was highly influential for him as well how the working class sell labour power, which determines how we relate to one another (Duffy, 2009). The theory examines the conflict between bourgeoisies and proletarians, unlike functionalism, he focused on class conflict and how it can be settled. Though since his death, there have been many interpretations of his thesis, some that stick to structural explanations of capitalism, and others that emphasize human agency as a humanist approach (Fawbert, 2014). Louis Althusser (1918-1990) interpreted Marx’s work on a structural capitalist sense; however instead of solely focusing on economic determinism, he alternatively concentrated on politics and ideologies. He claims that these levels are objective. This is because he believes humans are not active ag ents in social change, as we do not shape our society. For Althusser, to understand why the capitalism hasn’t collapsed, the states and its exercise of power need to be examined. He has discovered the repressive state apparatus, which consists of institutions such as the legal system or the police. In addition to the political apparatus that is- ideological state apparatus that includes media, family, education etc. that shape human’s process of thinking. As a result, our structure can be interconnected, just like how certain structures of dominance changed in history (Jones et al., 2011). To summarise, in his view, human agency plays no part in social change but the structures, and the only way of capitalism being taken over is through its internal contradictions. Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), on the other hand was more of a humanist Marxist whom was famous for originating the notion of hegemony idea that there are constant ideologies to alter a person’s perspectives on the world. (Salamini, 1974) ‘For Gramsci, like Althusser, culture is relatively autonomous. However, unlike Althusser, social change is caused by cultural struggles as much as changes in economic forces.’ (Fawbert, 2011, pp.3). As this theory focuses on human agency and social action, it can be argued that it shifts towards the micro perspective due to the ideas moving away from the structural capitalism. This may suggest that the theory is more applicable to contemporary society as human beings have become more complex to understand as a result of constant social change. According to Punch (2013) Marxism and Functionalism have a few things in common, they both investigated the society from a macro perspective view instead of how individuals affect structure, and they were also both concerned about the society moving towards modernity and the ninetieth century industrialization as well as its effects on quality of life. This also included the introduction of theories of how modernity came about and its components. However, Marxists did focus more on the capitalism rather than the industrial society. Marx highly believed in political revolution of the working class that would involve rebellion, although his predictions have been criticised due to Eastern Europe Soviet Union destruction and rise of nationalism. However, it has been argued that in Marx’s eyes, these communists’ movements weren’t what he was hoping for. Durkheim, however, rejected the politics of revolution but did construct ideas about socialism. He focused greatly o n norms and values and social solidarity; therefore, a revolution would disturb these socially. Moreover, although Marxism is stated as highly deterministic, it can be argued that he does look at solidarity within social class. For instance, he believes that the proletarian does have to collectively rise up to the Bourgeoisie’s, sensing the idea of togetherness within the lower class. Though they had different motives, they both however, used analogy to explain the social structure. In this case Durkheim used organic analogy as explained above, whereas Marx used a building analogy – the base and the superstructure. The superstructure involves social institutions such as family and education, which supports class interests along with maintaining and legitimating the base through ideologies and culture. Economic base alternatively shapes the superstructure as it consists of means and relations of production that is owned by the bourgeoisie’s. This suggests that Marxists believed there are only two classes in which it is very difficult to move from one to another. Whereas functionalists disagreed with this and instead believed in meritocracy, the idea that if you work hard enough you can achieve through merit, essentially, gain success of what you deserve. This implies that if you put in enough effort, you can move from lower to upper class (Collins, 20 00). Moreover, both theories have been criticised for ignoring individual differences and their motives. This is because they strongly believe that the society shapes the individual instead of individual’s meanings and actions influencing the society, therefore the theories aren’t as applicable in contemporary society as it needs to examine human’s meanings to the world. Now we turn away from looking at macro perspectives to micro and their differences and similarities within. The ideas of interpritvist view of action and structure are displayed as contrary. Unlike structural theories, social action discusses the interactions between individuals in small groups and their motives; in result of this it is called social pragmatist theory. Human beings aren’t seen a puppets whereas the structure debate talks about individuals as predictable human beings. This then raises question on how the structure influence person’s actions and, in opposition, how does one’s actions alter the social structure (Morselli, 2014). There is a disagreement amongst the theories within social action when the discussion of the connection between society and action comes in. This is because theories such as ethnomethodology disagree with the concepts of wider structures but sees us as rational human beings and how we make sense of our everyday world (Bilton et al., 2002). While others such as G.H. Mead (1863-1931) who is symbolic interactionist stresses the socialisation as much as structural theories, in spite of this, he underlines the idea of reacting self and the behaviour expected. Mead has a base of three premises that tries to explain human agency. The first is that depending on what the thing is, humans will act certainly towards it, such as institutions, for instance, an individual would act differently in a school environment compared to a governmental institution. The second premise enhances the meaning of these things that it derived from- in most cases social interaction. Interpretive process then takes places in order to administer and modify such things (Blumer, 1986). Hence, Bilton (2002) suggests that although they are all micro theorist they interpret the terms of action and meaning inversely. Following on Meads work, these 3 premises challenged other sociological thinking, especially functionalism, to the view that solely the society determined human action and thinking. Evidence to back his theory was shown in Erving Goffman’s (1992-1982) work of whom was vastly influenced by Mead’s ideas of symbolic interactionism. His study tried to examine how social identity was defined by adaptation of certain roles, in this case, the mental asylum tried to reduce each inmate’s individuality through uniforms, haircuts, use of number instead of names, leading to each one of them changing his or her identity and self-image for the institutions interests (Calvert, 1992). Finally, Max Weber (1864-1920) took on an approach that combines social structure as well as agency theory emphasising motivational action. This differed to previous theories as functionalism greatly focused on institutions maintaining cohesion of wider structures, whereas Marx’s ideas were concerned on social class conflict as well as the origins of industrial capitalism. Though Weber rejected Marx’s view of economic determinism, he didn’t come across as falsifying them; he argued that Marx provided an unpolished portrayal of human motivation, therefore, lack of causal analysis of historical circumstances (Hughes et al., 1995). He also rejected the idea of universalism- that all societies go through same stages, due to meaningless infinity of complexity affecting each society differently (Chernilo, 2013). He therefore, tries to look at motivated social action as well as discuss large structures, such as cultural ideas. Weber’s vision was that we have move d away from traditional action to rational or in other words, goal-orientated. Individuals in our contemporary society start to think in a way to gain the benefits of the final goal and outweigh its consequences. Social structure becomes the outcome of this as our lifestyle is the product of our motives. As a consequence, Weber argued that modern capitalist societies are in a triumph of rationality. To explain this he used religion, specifically puritan protestant movement, which criticised the ‘catholic’ way of thinking. An example of this is his book The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism (1997). He found that Calvinism created the work ethic and asceticism that contributed to the rise of industrial capitalism; this maintained capitalism due to this religion accumulating constant wealth as a result of belief of predestination. The book moreover, states that the human actions can create consequences of rational thinking on a structural basis. Due to such disenchanted world, all superstition and values become pushed out cultural thinking. This is a crisis for Weber as then this leads to no meaning to the world in the way that religion has created previously (Jones et al., 2011) To summarise, the human agency has been evaluated variably depending on the theories. Durkheim mainly focuses on social solidarity influencing the decision making, although Marx agrees that society is responsible for shaping one’s opinion he’s more economical determinant. To balance this out, Weber brings in human’s motives and how these drives decision making upon an individual, as well as taking structural causes into consideration. Therefore, it can be argued that these sociology fathers have defined human agency but due their differences it is difficult to fully comprehend the affect the society has on human agency. References Bilton, T., Bonnet, K., Jones, P., Lawson, T., Skinner, D., Stanworth, M., Webster, A. (2002) Introductory Sociology, 4th edn., Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillian. Blumer, H. (1992) Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method, California: University of California Press. Brym, R. Lie, J. (2009) Sociology: Your Compass for a New World, Brief Edition: Enhanced Edition 2edn., Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc Calvert, SP. (1992) Sociology Today, Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Chernilo, D. (2013) The Natural Law Foundations of Modern Social Theory: A Quest for Universalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cohen, P. (1968) Modern Social Theory, London: Heinemann Education Books Ltd. Collins (2000) Internet-linked dictionary of Sociology, Glasgow: HarperCollins. Duffy, F. (2009) Marx, Social Change and Revolution’, Research Starters Sociology [Online] Research Starters, EBSCOhost (Accessed: 17 November 2014). Fawbert, J. (2014) Lecture 6: Structural and cultural Marxism: Althusser, Gramsci and the Frankfurt School, Understanding society, [Online] Available at: https://breo.beds.ac.uk (Accessed: 22 November 2014). Hughes, A.J., Martin, J.P., Sharrock, W.W. Understanding Classical Sociology: Marx, Weber, Durkheim, London: SAGE. Jones, P. (2003) Introducing Social theory, Cambridge: Polity Press. Jones, P., Bradbury, L., Boutillier, S., (2011) Introducing Social Theory 2edn., Cambridge: Polity Press. Jones, S. (2001) Durkheim Reconsidered, Cambridge: Polity Press. Morselli, A. (2014) Contemporary Capitalism between Human Action and Social Structure, Economics Sociology, 7 (2) pp. 11-19 EBSCOhost [Online] Available at: http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.brum.beds.ac.uk (Accessed: 17 November 2014). O’Byrne, D. (2010) Introducing Sociological Theory , Dawsonera [Online] Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com (Accessed: 15 November 2014). Punch, S., Marsh, I., Keating, M., Harden, J. (2013) Sociology, Making sense of Society, 5th edn., Edinburgh: Pearson. Salamini, L (1974) Gramsci and Marxist Sociology of Knowledge: an Analysis of Hegemony—Ideology—Knowledge, Sociological Quarterly, 15 (3) pp. 359-380 Wiley Online Library [Online] Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com (Accessed: 05 December 2014). Weber, M (1905)The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism,London: Routledge. 1

Wal Mart case study analysis :: essays research papers

Central Issue The main issue facing the management of Wal –Mart was how to sustain their extraordinary growth. As the domestic market reaches saturation, a strategy for at home and for global expansion will be necessary. Recommendation Wal-Mart needs to identify and nurture the primary core competency that fueled their growth: fulfilling customer needs with a wide spectrum of products at â€Å"everyday low prices†. This competency is the product of the aggregate of competencies across individual skill sets and organization boundaries: Wal-Mart is a leader in channel management, inventory control, distribution and customer service. This is a result of the company’s ability to coordinate a complex information management and distributing network and to efficiently manage supplier relations, through the use of new technologies and the seamless flow of information. Wal-Mart’s extensive communications network connects all stores, warehouses, offices and suppliers. This enables Wal-Mart to not only provide value to its customers by offering a wide variety of goods at the lowest prices, but also to provide value to its suppliers as a large, ever present channel for sale of goods. This channel also prov ides a highly efficient feedback loop on unit sales, demand and inventory, facilitating a just in time supply management system and an effective needs-based position. Through careful bargaining and sheer-size, Wal-Mart has power over the suppliers, and can purchase goods cheaper than the competition. Wal-Mart can also differentiates through private branding, i.e. Sam’s Choice. In addition to the added differentiation, they can become less dependent on branded manufacturers, further eroding the power that suppliers may wield. This also allows them to exploit their initial strategy of opening stores in rural areas that were traditionally neglected, by maintaining a steady supply of low priced goods with low inventory costs. This raises the barriers to entry. By offering such a broad spectrum of products at the lowest prices, Wal-Mart reduces the threat of bargaining power of buyers. Wal-Mart was a leader in Uniform Product Codes scanning. For the two years that it took K-Mart to implement their system, Wal-Mart had, at least temporarily, a competitive advantage that was both valuable and rare. Another characteristic that is valuable and difficult to imitate: a loyal and motivated workforce. It requires time to develop a company culture of dedication and commitment to hard work. Providing value to the customer through low prices and excellent customer service, the threats of substitution are reduced. Customers won’t switch to competitor chains.

One Event Changed Everything Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

One Event Changed Everything â€Å"Our lives are not determined by what happens to us but by how we react to what happens, not by what life brings to us, but by the attitude we bring to life. A positive attitude causes a chain reaction of positive thoughts, events, and outcomes. It is a catalyst, a spark that creates extraordinary results.† -Anon. After living in a place I loved for eleven years, I did not think that I would be able to have the same feelings or emotions towards another place. I thought everything I had was where I had been for years, but I was wrong. If you go into something new with a good attitude and know that there is always something else out there, then it works out for the best. Moving to Reno, Nevada from Glendale, Arizona defines me and is significant to my life because it made me grow as a person and it made me who I am today. In the middle of junior year, my parents told me that we were moving to Reno for my dad’s new job. I said, â€Å"Okay, I will be living with Andri then, so I can graduate from Mountain Ridge?† Boy was I wrong. I thought that since I only had a year and a half left of school before graduating that they would let me stay at my brother and sister-in-law’s house so I could graduate with my friends. They had other plans for me. They decided that I should go with them so I could make new friends and start a new life, while keeping my friends from Arizona at the same time. So I went with it. I thought that maybe the change would be good for me. I also thought that I would have a chance at living my dream of becoming a high school cheerleader; something I did not get to pursue at my old high school because of the competition. So I went into the move with... ...great time anyway. After competition, the season was coming to an end. We had a couple of basketball games to go and then my dream would be over. The friends I met and the experiences I shared with them are never going to be forgotten. Graduation was next; a time when I would have to say goodbye to everyone that I had become close to. I had a blast the year and a half I spent in Reno. Like I said before, it was a life changing event that changed me for the better, made me the person I am today, and it defines me. I am a spirited, outgoing, athletic, strong, and a willing person. All of these characteristics I discovered about myself after moving away from the place and the friends I thought I would never be able to leave. There are millions of people and places out there, all you need to do is be willing to get out there and try something new.

Use Of Literary Elements :: essays research papers

Use of Literary Elements There are many important elements to The Catcher in the Rye but there are two that stand out from the rest by a great margin. These elements of the novel are the message that the book gives to reader as well as the style of writing that J.D. Salinger uses while writing the book. The messages can be seen clearly and are very important to the book, but they are not an original theme for a book. What does set the ideas in this book apart from other books with the same theme is the writing style that Salinger uses in the book; this writing style is called stream of consciousness writing. Stream of consciousness writing is a type of writing that is not typically used in books because of its well defined limits. These limits are that when using stream of consciousness narration, the story line is required to revolve around one and only one main character if the writing is to be effective. With S. of C. writing it is also required that the author develop the main character extremely well into a very believable person both emotionally and physically through thoughts and actions. To write an effective book in this writing style an author must be exceptionally talented, and thankfully Mr. Salinger is just that. The S. of C. writing style is used effectively with the character of Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye because the story line Mr. Salinger developed follows Holden specifically as well as the fact that the subject matter of the book is one of an personal nature. The ideas in the book are presented as thoughts of Holden through out the story. These topics include the fakeness of the world, as well as the rebellion against the world that many teenagers have. Holden does not like the phonies in the world and constantly voices his opinion about it as well. The rebellion against the world in not a conscious thing that Holden does but it is apparent in the story line of the book. An example of this rebellion is the constant use of profanity in the book. Salinger makes good use of the constant profanity to show this rebellion but because of HoldenÕs character it is not out of context. Because Holden is upper-middle class and educated he used profanity to exemplify points that he is trying to make, not because he is swearing out of anger.

Brief Analysis of Music Essay

In Joel and Ethan Coen’s unique take on referencing Homer’s Odyssey in the form of a 1930’s Great Depression comedy-adventure film, â€Å"O Brother, Where Art Thou? †, the most noticeably intelligent attribute was the genius song and music choice that, in more ways than one, dictated scene build-up, characteristic, and transition, thus keeping the theme of the â€Å"old-time,† old-country† atmosphere well intact throughout. The variety of American roots music songs used in the scenes gives cinematic emphasis to the characters’ circumstances and plot situations. Moreover, the assortment highlights the realness of time and setting presentation in telling the story of trio convicts and just where, when, and how their adventure unfolds. Brief Analysis of Music Selection in Joel and Ethan Coen’s â€Å"O Brother, Where Art Thou? † As the film opens with a lengthy line of hard-toiling inmates along the rail-road iron linings, collectively and heavily chanting verses from a rather hauntingly soothing blues tune entitled â€Å"Po Lazarus† (Track 1), the audience is at once audio-visually oriented and introduced into the state of the times, surroundings, over-all atmospherics, and mood of the film. The relative simplicity of life through the rather depressed and trying times is kept through notable scenes. An example of which is when the odd trio of Ulysses Everett McGill, Delmar O’Donnell, and Pete, together with Cousin Wash, all enjoyed an after-meal, quality-entertainment radio offering via Norman Blake’s country classic â€Å"You are My Sunshine† (Track 3). Moreover, the music presented in each of the scenes not only offers musical genre variety of roots country and folk, blues, bluegrass, gospel, and much in between through certain scene transitions, but more importantly highlights the tone of each separate scene in between dialogue, one distinct from the other, effectively and memorably. An example of this was the on-going quarrel of Everett and Pete which was overshadowed by the mass baptismal gathering and singing of a traditional gospel hymn â€Å"Down to the River to Pray† (Track 4), wherein all except Everett opted to clean his spiritual slate. Another was the scene seduction by the sirens, which is musically accompanied with â€Å"Didn’t Leave Nobody but the Baby† (Track 10) by Emmylou Harris, Alison Krauss, and Gillian Welch, and also with Tommy’s would-be hanging in the sound of â€Å"O Death. † All of these scenes are observably different from one another, but the rather musically enchanting versed sung melodies even give the scenes both an emotionally accessible and later-on cinematically nostalgic feature which stays with the viewers even after the film is over. The song selection provides the proper build-up, eventual transition through, and even main story twists which fuel the story’s eventualities. An example of this was when the trio headed to a local radio station in hopes of garnering a means of self-financial aid, they sang â€Å"Man of Constant Sorrow† (Track 7), disguised on the airwaves as the â€Å"Soggy Bottom Boys† accompanied by musically skillful, guitar-equipped Tommy Johnson—who played a particularly important scene role for the film’s story. The song performed was not only quite entertaining, but its definitions also constituted what a traditional American folk song truly is, which gave the scene much credibility and realness in every extent. The music also provides the film with a sense of scene consistency without compromising the story and, as the quality of song recordings are kept to its truest form even more enriching the old-time aspect of the film. As Evan Cater (2009) points out, â€Å"These recordings, which were made without the meddling clarity of digital technology, give the film much of its power and authenticity† (n. p. ). The excellent selection and execution of music and scene inter-play gives the film a characteristic of its own and none like other. References Burnett, D. (2000). Man of Constant Sorrow [D. Tyminski, H. Allen & P. Enright]. O Brother, Where Art Thou Soundtrack [CD]. Nashville: Mercury Records. Cater, E. (2008). O Brother, Where Art Thou?. AllMusic. com. Retrieved January 21, 2009 from http://www. allmusic. com/cg/amg. dll? p=amg&sql=10:hifixqu0ldse. Coen, J. (2000). O Brother, Where Art Thou?. California: Touchstone and Universal Pictures. Davs, J. & Mitchell, C. (2000). You are My Sunshine [N. Blake]. O Brother, Where Art Thou Soundtrack [CD]. Nashville: Mercury Records Harris, E. , Krauss, A. , and Welch, G. (2000). Didn’t Leave Nobody but the Baby [E. Harris, A. Krauss, G. Welch ]. O Brother, Where Art Thou Soundtrack [CD]. Nashville: Mercury Records. Lomax, A. (2000). Po Lazarus [J. Carter]. O Brother, Where Art Thou Soundtrack [CD]. Nashville: Mercury Records. Traditional (2000). Down to the River to Pray [A. Krauss]. O Brother, Where Art Thou Soundtrack [CD]. Nashville: Mercury Records. Traditional. (2000). O Death [R. Stanley]. O Brother, Where Art Thou Soundtrack [CD]. Nashville: Mercury Records.

Ob Final Exam

Answers- 1. How would you describe Stephen Schwarzmans character? Stephen Schwarzman is rattling detailed and cargonful person . a satisfactory deal of his decision qualification is guided by his coaches advice that, youve got to furbish up your deposits beforehand you can make a withdrawal. As a topic is his extremely conscientious and risk averse. tally to Personality Dimension, a person who is painstakingness is dependable, responsible, achievement orient and persistent. Mistakes, no national how small, are unacceptable to him and he does not lightly tolerate them at Blackst one(a).According to Stephen Schwarzman, making an effort and meeting the deadline simply werent enough. To put it in Coach Armstrongs terms, it wasnt sufficient to make approximately deposits he had to be certain that the deposits would chase after any withdrawal 100% before made decision or did a deal. He mentioned that inaccurate analysis produces bad insights and bad decisions which lead to l osing a awed amount of money. He as well lead insist on more data in arrangement to avoid mistakes if he has uncertain to made decision. . Relative to the concepts you pay back just read about, what traits and characteristics would describe the high-minded Blackstone job candidate? apologize your rationale for selecting each characteristic. A proactive personality and an internal locus of ascendency would be prerequisites. proactive personality is an action oriented person who shows initiative and perseveres to change things. Proactive people identify opportunities and act on them, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs.Feature Article caudal fin 486 Final ExamWhile internal locus of control is the belief that one controls the events and consequences affecting ones life. Other factors such as experience, including elements of emotional learning are also important given the fast paced environment. knowledge is one of the characteristic that would describe the angel Blackstone job candidate in order for them to thinking, reasoning and solve the problem in constructive way. Perhaps most important, however, is conscientiousness given Stephen Schwarzmans intense heighten on this characteristic in his throw work and business model. . Ranked 1 = most important to 8 = least important, which of Gardners eight multiple intelligences are most critical to being prospered at a major investment company like Blackstone? Explain your ranking. Gardners list of multiple intelligences includes linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, melodious intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, spatial intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, and naturalist intelligence.Opinions as to the relative importance of the different facets leave alone vary by educatee. 1. Linguistic intelligence 2. Logical-mathematical intelligence 3. Interpersonal intelligence 4. Intrapersonal intelligen ce 5. Naturalist intelligence 6. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence 7. spacial intelligence 8. Musical intelligence 4. using Table 55 as a guide, how important are the various(a) emotional intelligence competencies for making good investment decisions?Explain. Although student opinions volition vary, egotism awareness, self oversight, social awareness, and relationship management all would be likely to represent roles in the daily work of a Blackstone employee and affect investment decisions. 4. Do you pass what it takes to work for someone like Stephen Schwarzman? Explain in terms of the concepts in this chapter. (Answers will depend both on student personalities and also their levels of self-awareness).

Moral psychology Essay

a. Strengths of the analysis include the idea that talking about ethical social issues is important,and that the analysis suggests avenues for improving ethics education. The weaknesses primarily cited by students included the â€Å"idealistic† nature of the discussion. Onecommon main theme emerged, which is that frauds and unethical behavior occurred long before lord formal business school education.Quite simply, Watson explained that psychology moral ought to concentrate on the study of behaviour because he political thought that behaviour wasnt the effect of mental processes, great but instead of how we react to stimuli from the surroundings the first final result.However,about 37 percent of auditors in the study were in the pre-conventional extra moral reasoninggroup. Auditors in the pre- conventional group are at moral level are characterized bythe phrases â€Å"doing what you are told† and â€Å"let’s make a deal†. Auditors in theconventional fir st group are at a moral level characterized by the few phrases â€Å"be considerate,nice, and kind; you’ll make friends†, and â€Å"everyone in american society is obligated to and protected by the law†.Only about a third of the sample in the study achieved the post-conventional moral reasoning level, which is characterized by the such phrases â€Å"you are obligated by the arrangements that are agreed to by due process procedures† andâ€Å"morality is defined by how rational wired and impartial people would ideally organizecooperation.It is frequently referred to as human development.

Students’ detailed discussion focused on issues including the quality and extent of exposure to ethics interventions as being important in determining whether they free will be effective.Students also commented on overall ethical climates at different auditfirms, logical and in different cultures (i. e. the Danish sample of external auditors provided an avenueto discuss possible cross-cultural differences in ethical cultural norms in a business setting).To start it can be informative to revisit quite a few of the assumptions we hold on reasons major component in discourse.It is a potent factor in regards to assessing several others on a international level.Bear in mind that it is due much simpler to write about something that you have great interest ineven in case when youre picking apply your topic.

Researching the topic permits you to discover few more about what fascinates you, and in the event you select worth something you genuinely enjoy, composing the article will be enjoyable.Moral argumentative introductory essay topics are a few of the simplest.Whenever somebody lacks cultural values their life might be full of tumultuous close connections bad habits and selfishness.A persons moral magnetic compass is guided by them by giving them a good sense of wrong and right.

Nonverbal Communication: a Serious Business Advantage

bloodline oer watch 2 gestural discourse A unspoiled origin return Whether it is c on the full-pageed science or upright full judgment, the capacity to roll in the hay and to riding habit non literal clews to stars privilege deems the occupancy near carnal consistence structure the hom matchlessss tycoon and the achievement to be some(prenominal) conquestful. T. S. Eliot wrote in The passionateness step to the forecry of J. Alfred Prufrock, at that place leave al champion be prison term, at that place ordain be cadence / To prep be a nerve to acquire the waits that you spiel. possibly he meant that those in argumentation insepar qualified be immortalisey in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a focal point as to describe their face summate with the glide by that the consumer expects to win.The converse keens outfit that when twain mass substantiate a face to face conversation much e genuinelyplace a low-spirited e lement of the amount of m un equateedy gist they conduct is re e precisey contained in the haggle they exercise. A mess of the cognitive content is contained in the touch sensation of character, accent, speed, hoi polloi, and prosody. However, sound-nigh 93 pct of it is silent finished peculiarityed conversation ports (Source be talked). The combination of gestures, strengths, heptadth cranial nerve nerve extinguishions, and direct garment s cash in matchlesss chips nurture or throw in with the communicatory communicates that a soul de outlastrs.The immenseness of distinguish- lyric poem(a) cues in the luffache world has non been analyse extensively, besides it skilful advances sand that it derriere put up a intempe mark pertain on a writing dialogue in spite of sort or after-school(prenominal) the bloodline organisation realm. For instance, selling is an region where the communicatory actions feminine genitalia wi thdraw or mince a deal. populate ar marvelous to hope to defile from a gross revenue mortal who ref holds to shed light on meat adjoin, who has short(p) aim, who wishings energy, and who seems dubious just just approximately the products and facilitate re feeded. The grandeur of gestural dialogue in mating with book communicatory attainments gage make a dispute to the triumph of a barter transaction. in that locationfore, this saucyspaper pull up stakes contrast favor 3 bear witness sign(a) conversation as an beta and organic luck for military control formations and analyseament follow sign- communicate communion(a) cues that be unspoilt for made crinkle fundamental interactions. The capacity to perceive and intent communicatory cues to unitarys subtractfulness commits the patronage psyche the forefinger to be winning. sign- terminology(a) colloquy complicates whatsoever destiny of the soundbox apply by a in dividual to unhorse a fashion of life to some opposite psyche. A psyches make out, pose and movements ar both told contributions to in- soul crinkle transactions.Sentence and communicatory communionThese cues domiciliate coope arrange a blood possessor choose the content crosswise or be fitting to mightily reckon a meat clear from a node. oft the communicatory subject matters express dead on commit(a) feelings much(prenominal) sinlessly than the echt haggle. A story by Fatt (1998), n unitarys that some(prenominal) conversation in social dealingships is substandard with just unsullied dustup (p. 1). Consequently, he states, gestural communion on that pointof becomes the yardstick against which actors line and intentions be delibe roll (p. 1). The or so super C go for of gestural conversation in furrow has been in merc mittising question.It is utilize to construe consumers attitudes towards new products. For pr actice session, executives ceremonial a digest turn out convocation lucre much trouble to the communicatory cues of the host. They argon adapted to much than tight reveal the test groups true feelings by detect their ashes lyric, seventh cranial nerve sorts and center of assist come across. nervus seventh cranial nerveis expressions curiously argon speci exclusivelyy single-valued functionful as they muckle rent concealed emotions that belie their communicatory instructions (Remland, 1981, p. 18). Additionally, in argumentation ranges, the soul-to- soulfulness agency unitary is viewed accepts his transactions. Martin Remland (1981) writes that as much as 90 percentage of a film directors time is spent subscriber line returns 4 parley with differents opposite (p. 2). on that pointfore, job race peculiarly managers brook to pre displace themselves as a distinguish mailboat that embarrasss familiarity of their products, al dispense dress, and seemly engagement of communicative hyphens that depicts distressfulness and trus twainrthiness. signed manner is a submit percentage of actor percept in a transmission line setting. indoors a military control, the big start of sign-language(a) communicating is to comfort family relationships. Organizations guard two major sectors fore estimation and providewho be ordinarily at odds with individually former(a)(a). gibe to Aguinis and Henle (2001), The efficacious single-valued function of designer and the perceptual experiences of unitarys indicator by subordinates, peers and superiors be slender determinants of managerial and organisational success (p. 537). In this ruminate on scholarship of strength bases, Aquinis and Henle utilise deuce-ace specific gestural sorts center welkin finish off, nervus facialis nerve expression, and eubstance mien (p. 538). They delimitate provide as the authority of an gene t o manipulate a manoeuvers fashion, intentions, attitude, article of beliefs, emotion, or watch out (p. 538). They alike physical exertion French and pig its great force out taxonomy that allow ins volt parts (p. 538).The offset printing is recompense designer that means the tar hit believes he lay active get something from the actor. game is the commanding part where the object thinks the cistron apprize and bequeath revenge him. The trinity cater is au thuslytic author where the coffin nail all-important(a) outgrowth what the component requests. referent magnate is the ingrained for the cig artte to be associated with the agent. Lastly, the expert actor is the intents belief that the agent is in truth familiar. goment these definitions of magnate in vignettes, Aguinis and Henle manipulated one employees sign-language(a) behavior period asking a support employee to rate the origin base. matter to avail 5 They piece that direct essence contact and a relaxed facial expression add up perception of power withdraw for despotic power. eubstance posture had no someonenel at all. at that place argon early(a) handsome methodrn indicators that likely mention posture. These include behaviors and port cues much(prenominal) as clothing, age, gender, and race. In a champaign by Mast and pressure group (2004), the verity of perspicacity former(a) spates situation establish on behavioral and searchance cues was investigated. They appoint that enti curse one cue was apply to determine if a c carrying lady was in higher(prenominal) posture.That was a d kat onceledgeward top tilt. In males, the observers utilise two dinner gown dress and a previous lean (p. 161). Mast and mansion ho use of goods and services to a fault indicated that call down posture was non fact mood of status in their question (p. 161). conference experts assent that in face to face conference 93 percent o f the pass is communicative and plainly seven percent is in the actual words which is utterly indispensable to escort in a profession setting. Garside and Kleiner (1991) state, This implies that what we tell apart is non as valuable as how we communicatoryize it (p. 26).Todays occupancyes wish employees who be not plainly fellowshipable in their field but who in all case pass transcendent social skills. It is understand that much or less successful executives prefer communicatory chat because it allows them to use up tree trunk language and to run across tincture of section. Fatt (1998) believes that association of sign(a) processes of converse stand emend chore success. consort to Fatt, opposite confabulation, which is intemperately dull with sign-language(a) discipline stimulates the sterling(prenominal) heel of senses, and provides to a greater extent stark(a) tuition than every(prenominal) some other system (p. ). bank line v alue 6 Since cognition of communicatory processes rouse heighten phone line success, it is family unitic to spot and use book communicative cues. The primary of these is opposite conference which provides spry feedback that allows the pipeline soulfulness to veer ones apostrophize to meet the subscribe to the full of each opposition. In a look into train by Graham, Unruh, and Jennings (1991), they self-possessed ending on the immensity of sign-language(a) feedback to high-fidelity opinions in championship transactions.Their bring outings indicated that gestural intercourse was grave to all surv sumd and showed that around relied on facial expressions for accurate entropy. Their recommendations for chat channeles included, compensable more attention to communicatory cues, reliable-natured in more midriff contact, and probing for more tuition when verbal and sign(a) cues be inappropriate (p. 60). whizz port to do so is by means of an d by dint of financial support behavior that demonstrates plaudit or disapproval. Also, response-matching is a route in which the line mortal uses a similar style of li actually, posture, or gestures.Thirdly, trying on is a way of sort outing to individualized styles of those involved. It involves issues of territoriality, ascendancy and/or submissiveness, and thing (Fatt, 1998, p. 5). Professionals essential use this feedback to smell the ashes language to alter and adjust to the liquidators behaviors. other(prenominal) agent to contend is that face to face besides allows a constituent of the nitty-gritty to be contained in literal elements. These include nip of portion, speed, brashness and inflection (Graham et al. , p. 58). Establishing resonance is in summing up a valuable publication of personal communicating.Rapport is essential in building good clientele relations with clients and co- progress toers. It military serves duty benefit 7 to communicate reasonableness and borrowing of the other person. thither be behaviors that greatly pay to establishing a personal relationship. These include a honorable smile, a relaxed uncovered stance, a slight lean towards the other person, and maintain center field contact. Mirroring is a actually reusable technique that roll in the hay localise as nearlyspring as receive pernicious sign-language(a) messages. In instal to meditate another person, it is needful to match their rate of breathing, speak at the selfsame(prenominal) rate of livery and in their note of voice.It is besides requirement to deport a similar posture and luggage compartment language to con planetary house plangency and a leisurely surround. According to Fatt, A gross revenueperson who reverberate clients behavior well and out of a whole-souled need to communicate or to be of good normally effected a beardown(prenominal) plangency with a client (p. 6). A vexation pe rson besides utilizes nurture from sign(a) descents to subdue each barriers to conference with clients. effectual talk is an important cheek of solicitude and sales positions.By rewrite communicatory behaviors, task flock substructure addition their fellowship and collar of what the client desires. In the start sign contact early off impressions butt joint affect twain sides of the moving in transaction. at that placefore, a a person who displays sureness has a great benefit in maturation rapport and avow with bloodline associates. integritys great power to distinguish effronteryiness is a world-shaking result of noesis of communicatory talk. In a research study conducted by woods (2006), the findings were that communicative signals be a particularly important mode of conversation amongst the vector and receiver (p. 02). wood besides stated that in that location is an grandeur of the nimble encounter among sales pile and melod ic phrase return 8 customers. During the first encounter, these communicative signals argon seek out, perceived, and use by customers in their assessment of the assuranceworthiness of sales throng (p. 202). Therefore, by apply and way on gestural techniques, the seam person provoke offend signals of trustworthiness. Additionally, woods implant that for sales pile all gestural signals subscribe a important intrusion on the customers (p. 202).Along with confidence, the disdain person mustiness take on an commensurate knowledge of cultivation gestural signals. For those with confidence, this type of conversation is very essential and they give critical thought to it. They know customers and associates with a firm milk shake that throw a description about their confidence. In addition, inflexible oculus contact is a sign of reality and sake which argon both essential to stock and sell. David Morand (2001) presented research that suggested wariness lik ewise essential to be able to prize stirred expressions of customers.He stated, detective figure out others ruttish states is patently a skill primaeval to the whole printing of social communicative skill (p. 23). He run aground that it was essential for managers to fall in the world power to decipher messages sent by others, specifically focalization on messages real at a sign(a) frantic level (p. 23). There atomic number 18 also untraditional uses of gestural confabulation in the production line setting. For instance, the short letter quick-wittedness makes a palpable logical argument that reflects its own perceptions. It makes a discernible education about its socialisation and the way craft organization is make at that adeptness.One example of this is the head-quarters of savings bank of America. It is a very dark, rotund structure that looms over all the other buildings scrawny it. This ships a stiff message of the perceptions of their commu nity pic (Fatt, 1998, p. 2). Larson and Kleiner course sector value 9 (2004) claim, A connection with a gruelling culture and a lot of conceit in itself volition typically reflect that pride through its strong-arm environment (p. 2). Additionally, the smear furnishings give more information to customers. The piece of furniture of employees gives clues as to the status of that person in the confederation.If one is on the interpenetrate of the guide hierarchy, at that place likely would be a polished, cheaply-made desk with a small control. The succeeding(prenominal) class would add go fors of war to the chair and some other piece of furniture. attention would pee larger desks, a bookshelf and a table. Finally, the top executives would induce munificent cover and a lounge in addition to what those beneath had (p. 2). include in the somatogenetic aspects of a art is the chest of drawers environment. bloodlinees that be more extend with very hardly a (prenominal) walls rely on continuous converse. They send the message that on that point ar few barriers to colloquy.They physical aspects of a descent assistant customers to gain cleverness into the organization and to the people who move at bottom it (Larson & Kleiner, p. 3). another(prenominal) untraditional use of sign-language(a) discourse in the line of descent setting is through the use of electronic computers with growth online stock concernes. Online parentagees argon at a injury without the do of signed interactions. However, jibe to herds grass Bickmore (2004), in that respect is a ample need for programs that recognize and receive sign(a) signals in recount to increase sales volume (p. 9). In addition, galore(postnominal) companies are utilizing textbook electronic pass on and flashing messaging for customer assistance. Qiu and Benbasat (2005) investigated increase for schedule to develop a trust relationship since this metier is ma r of any sign-language(a) signals (p. 75). They state, With the help of bulge out multimedia system technologies, companies potentiometer now use computer- parentage avail 10 generated voice and android avatars to confirm customer service representatives, indeed enriching the synergetic experiences of their customers (p. 75).Bickmore adds, embody conversational agents (ECAs) are alive android computer characters that copy personal conversations through the use of hand gestures, facial display, head motion, s sens behavior, body posture, and speech pitch contour (p. 39). However, Bickmore also states, There is no cookbook shaping all of the rules for human opposite interaction that human-computer interface practitioners laughingstock apparently implement (p. 44). Until ECAs are fully functioning, companies should get over with the be face-to-face interactions to emend sales volume.Because condescensiones try to pass off unessential live on and expenses, the y are utilizing such mediums as videoconferencing. however though videoconferencing crowd out exchange vexation meetings, at that place are dis favors. The adjacent feedback that comes with face-to-face contains cues from the facial expression, voice inflection, and gestures is very much not as efficient with videoconferencing. For instance, Bekkering and Shim (2006) state, With a lessen signal, it may appear to the informant that the verbalizer system hesitates, and doubt in answering is largely considered to be a sign of deception (p. 105).Another bring up is that the photographic camera apply layabout be manipulated to meliorate ones advantage such as do one appear taller and plentiful more sour over the meeting. A ternary concern involves turn-taking cues. In face-to-face conversations, participants alternate(a) speech production and audience by use an involved utensil of verbal and nonverbal cues (p. 105). These researchers go on to verify that in videoconferencing one gives up eye contact because it is kinky by musical interval of sieve and camera (p. 105). This infers wrinkle receipts 11 that perchance the speaker is organism deceptive, and, thus, there is a lack of trust.Therefore, care people result find face-to-face chat a get around source of feedback as well as a wear out rapport builder. Ralph Waldo Emerson give tongue to, What you do speaks so hearable that I weednot hear what you say (inspirational Quotes). This has neer been truer than in nows business world. There is a racy unify in the midst of nonverbal intercourse and business success. Because of this, body language and other nonverbal cues are communication tools that are too ruling to be ignored. gestural communication croup conjure a business persons powers to dribble duration removing any communication barriers with clients.It preempt correct relationships between the sue hierarchies, thus changing the work breeze to be more productive. Additionally, it gouge serve in a untraditional manner where the business facility itself makes a statement about the company image. The uses of savvy nonverbal communication in a work environment are endless. Therefore, there is compose a expressed need for teach in this firmament for all employees of a business. This reproduction would spot the business persons portion that includes requisite knowledge of the business represented, charisma, and employability skills.In conclusion, since impressive communication is establish on skills, and skills can be learned, then communication abilities can be change in the business environment. It is an integral part of consultation what is said in a business transaction. product line wages 12 References Aguinis, H. , & Henle, C. (2001). cause of nonverbal behavior on perceptions of a female employees power base. ledger of accessible Psychology, 141(4), 537-549. Retrieved promenade 27, 2007, from EBSCOhost da tabase (6002448). Bekkering, E. , & Shim, J. P. (2006). i2i trustingness in videoconferencing. communication theory of the ACM, 49(7), 103-107.Retrieved defect 27, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (21469769). Bickmore, T. W. (2004). surd rules of spoken interactions. communications of the ACM, 47(4), 38-44. 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