British parlimentary Reform 1832-1928 :: essays research papers

The un clean uped British parliamentary system was undemocratic, it excluded the majority of the population from voting including all women most working row men, many middle class men and all the poor. Its distribution of seats was inadequately representative and excluded important towns. It included rotten boroughs, the occasional sale of seats, corruption, bribery, intimidation, strength and plural voting. The system was dominated by the aristocracy and gentry, and many seats were uncontested. Lang, (1999). The purpose of this essay is to identify the factors that led to the nineteenth century parliamentary reform and go on to assess the impact that the reform made.Around the middle of the nineteenth century an extensive debate took place in Britain on the genius and desirability of democracy. Who should be allowed to vote in general elections? Should the franchise be limited, as in the onetime(prenominal), to those who had special qualifications, such as the ownership of prope rty, which the rental repute had to be at least at least 40 shillings per annum, and those who had an economic stake in the country? Property owners argued that the old system had worked in the past so surely it would continue to do so and that the wealthy were naturally superior to the poor. Pearce, Stern, (1994).Others believed that the franchise was restricted and haphazard and that the qualifications for voting were outdated and illogical in their view every man had the right to vote, all men had been created equally and therefore all were entitled to a say in the way they were governed.A small but growing number also believed that women should have the vote on precisely the same terms as men.The population of England and Wales doubled surrounded by 1801-1851 many parishes began to burst at the seams. Towns like Birmingham, Manchester, Bradford and Leeds were seeing large population increases due to industrial growth. Earl Grey proposed such towns needed representation in the fireside of Commons, this would lead to large increase in the voting population if the proposal was successful. On the other hand rotten boroughs were parliamentary constituencies that had over the years declined in size, but still had the right to elect members of the House of Commons. Most of the constituencies were under the control and influence of just one man, the patron. As there were only a few individuals with the vote and no fair voting method (secret ballot) which encouraged bribery and corruption as it was easy for potential candidates to buy their way to victory.

Impressionism bridge between past and future Essay -- Essays Papers

Impressionism bridge between past and future One critic described Impressionist painting as taking a piece of canvas, colour and brush, daubinga a couple of(prenominal) patches of paint on it at random, and sign the whole thing with their name. Manet, although never truly an Impressionist by style, he led artists including Monet, Degas, Renoir, Pisarro, Sisley and Cezanne, in a new artistic direction. This young group of artists, who had no real connection to each other until one critic lumped them together as Impressionists, banded in a time when their country was in turmoil and would leave the world the greatest collection of artwork. Through times of favour and denunciation, friendship and animosity, the pastiche of artists were some(prenominal) a culmination of a an art period and a bridge to the next artistic discovery. The France that most of the Impressionist artists were born into had experienced a recent history...as dramatic and changeable as the era the painters were about to live through (The Impressionists Handbook 12). By 1851 Emperor Napoleon III was firmly entrenched as a ruler of France. As a sign of his military force, Napoleon III began his reign with press subjugation and a political assimilation. In juxtaposition to this harshness, he was also regulating bread prices and endorsing industrial and commercial growth in France in order for the country to follow the rest of Europe into the Industrial Revolution. Although traipsing female genitalia most of the other surrounding countries, Napoleon III brought the development of banking institutions, railways and factories (Handbook 13) into France. Along with this new industrial growth came many sacrifices and gains for the people. With the steam engine and new modes of transportation, the power to work faster increased yet along with that increase the work day grew longer as well as long as xvi hours a day with very little personal time. Products were revo lutionized and capitalism could thrive yet the workers role continued to diminish to a tiptop where they were no longer an important person, simply a body to push along the industrial revolution. With these new technologies were new exploitation and a diminishing worker-employee relationship. The 1861 American Civil War that led to the emancipation of slaves in the United States had a ripple effect from across the ocean. ... ...oes of the 19th century basked in their affectionate deviancy. They may not have been as revolutionary as they would have like to believe yet still managed to alter the art world and place it on a new path for future artists. Even though the group itself began to disband in the 1880s as Neo and Post-Impressionism were evolving, the artists maintained their radical social position into the 1900s (Handbook 16). Although brief in time, the Impressionists would become like a bridge in a Monet painting connecting the past to the future in art histor y. whole kit CitedDavid, Jordan. Transforming Paris the life and labors of Baron Hausmann. Chicago University of Chicago Press. 1996.Honour, Hugh and John Fleming. A World of Art Hisory. London Laurence King Publishing, 1995.The Impressionists Handbook. Leicester Abbeydale Press, 1999.El Impresionismo Impressionism Barcelona Parramon Ediciones, 1996/ New York Barrons educational Series inc., 1997.Lewis, Anne-Marie. Realism and Impressionism. Lecture to INFA 2900, York University. Toronto. March 8, 2000Willard, Christopher. Make a Big Impression with impressionist Techniques American Artist Oct. 1999 18

Jane Eyre is one of the earliest English novels with a strong, female E

Jane Eyre is one of the earliest English new(a)s with a strong, female cardinal character. Do you hazard she sells out by marrying Rochester,thus enabling a conventional, romantic ending to the allegory?He stretched his hand out to be led. (Jane)Form start to finish, this novel has had one strong, female centralcharacter - Jane Eyre. We see her fight for independence as a femalefrom her childhood right up until her marriage. These ardent,passionate beliefs do not leave her once married, if anything theyget stronger. Jane does not sell out by marrying Rochester for nowshe is the more powerful half of the relationship. Jane is herhusbands eyes and He (Rochester) saw nature...books through me. Shehas everything she wished for and is mutualist upon no one just as shehad dreamed.I resisted all the way- a new thing for meHere Jane declares her independence for the first time in the novelafter an seam with her cousin, John Reed. It was to be a turningpoint in her early life as now she did not take anything fabrication down,(She) was a discord at Gateshead Hall.The next time we see Jane express her passionate nature is in heroutburst with Mrs Reed. Here Jane realises she has made a drift butexcuses herself, Something spoke out of me over which I had nocontrol I was now in for it. Janes lack of submission seems to be a come about theme throughout the novel as she displays it once again inher meeting with future principal, Mr Brocklehurst. When Jane isquizzed by him, she tells the truth to the shock of Brocklehurst.And the psalms, I hope you deal them?No, sirShe also displays a huge amount of wit when asked by Brocklehurst whatshe must do to stay out of hell... ...nding.We have established that Jane is unquestionably a strong, female,central character. As you have read she displays her emotive andcontroversial views on more than one occasion and finds courage whenshe needs it the most. These are all factors which contribute to myargument that Jane does not sell out. However, in my opinion, themost important argument is how could she have sold out if she ishappier than she has ever been in her life? I can understand wherecritic, Sally Mitchell was coming from in 1983 when she said that,their subsequent marriage not only ends the many conflicts involved,but also fulfils every womans wish of achieving both independence andlove.The overwhelming bliss combine with the strong feeling ofself-reliance can assure us that Jane has sold out on nothing apartfrom the misery with which her life began.

Growing With Style :: Writing Style Styles Essays

Growing With vogueDefining writing style is somewhat like describing Big Foot. People study it, and talk close to it, they try to enlighten others about it. But when its each said and done, you just rely on Ill know it when I see it. Style is not unique onto ourselves, but I think that we all, either as audience or as writer, have our own interpretation of style. For example, the University of Miamis philosophical system and Literature Departments hold a Bad Writing Contest that gives mock prizes to the worst published academic writing that someone can find (Miami.edu). It is all in good fun and it is based solely on the opinions of the judges of the contest.The texts, Style Toward Clarity and Grace by Williams and Elements of Style by Strunk and White teach about the importance of good style. Both books are quite different in their approach and the style in which it is presented. Strunk and White is short and sweet. Williams is lengthy and often times a tedious read. Both books are biased to their opinions Williams is more instructional while Strunk and White almost sounds like a reprimand. However, both books fling up a wealth of knowledge and support.Both Williams and Strunk and White discuss the idea of clarity. Clarity is an important element of style because without it, you will have a lost or disinterested audience. Strunk and White severalize, Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no supernumerary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts(23). Keeping this in pass will help a writer to stay on track. Instead of digressing on an unrelated topic, the writer can focus on a rank and stick to it. Williams has two principles that help with managing and expressing a flow of ideas in a concise manner1. Usually, compress what you mean into the fewest words.2. Dont state what your reader can easily infer (115).A writer can achieve meaning compression by eliminating such things as redundant pairs (full and complete, veritable and accurate) and redundant modifiers (completely finish, past memories) (116). Some of these examples are so common in our speech that we can fail to see them as a problem in our prose.

Source of the Legend of Dracula Essay -- Legends

Dracula ReconsideredBackgroundThe legend of Dracula is a renowned tale told all over the world. Created by Irish writer, Bram Stoker, the story was inspired by the Roumanian ruler, Vlad Dracul. The story teller was a Caucasian 49-year-old male. He was born and raised in Bucharest, Romania and was quite acquainted(predicate) with the past history of and current events in the country. He identified with the Romanian orthodox religion. The StoryEveryone knows the story of Dracula. Walks around the table, moves his hands as he speaks. He has been depicted in novels, movies, and paintings. In Romania, this story is told from generation to generation and it had become an integral part of our culture. However, not many people know the true origins of Dracula. Pa mappings, face changes, has a displeased look on his face, moves toward a chair and sits down. This legend angers me since it is a figment of popular culture and gives a bad name to our Romanian society. It is unfair, and its main purpose is to promote the tourism of our nation. It was created by an Irish man. Pauses, thinks. I think he was Irish. I cant recall his name the right way now. Nevertheless, this man was quite misinformed and he just created this legend out of thin air. He was obsessed with phantoms, moves, and the supernatural. Points up to the ceiling and gazes outside towards the sky. He transformed the frankness of Vlad Tepes into a silly legend. Let me give you a history of Vlad Tepes, in order for you to understand the background behind the story. In the 1400s, Romania was split into troika provinces, Wallachia, Transylvania, and Moldova. Puts three fingers in the air. Vlad was born in a castle in Sighisoara in Transylvania. He be... ...The teller used his hands a lot to subtly let out his inner emotions. He also tried to show the actions of a vampire attack, but it wasnt very effective, since there were no props and I had to use my imagination to understand. The storyteller performance embodied his annoyance with the myths mischaracterization, in his view, of Vlad Dracul, which shows the social implication of the story. The ability to believe easily without questioning the share is a negative characteristic of our culture. Works CitedLeblanc, Benjamin H. Vlad Dracula An Intriguing Figure in the Fifteenth Century. Journal of the Dark. 13 Oct. 2004 http//members.aol.com/johnfranc/drac05.htm.Porter, Ray. The Historical Dracula. 13 Oct. 2004. http//www.eskimo.com/mwirkk/castle/vlad/vladhist.html.Vamp Club. 13 Oct. 2004. http//www.vampclub.com/index.htm.

Source of the Legend of Dracula Essay -- Legends

Dracula ReconsideredBackgroundThe legend of Dracula is a renowned tale told all over the world. Created by Irish writer, Bram Stoker, the story was godlike by the Romanian ruler, Vlad Dracul. The story teller was a Caucasian 49-year-old male. He was born and raised in Bucharest, Romania and was quite familiar with the past history of and authorized events in the country. He identified with the Romanian orthodox religion. The StoryEveryone knows the story of Dracula. Walks around the table, moves his hands as he speaks. He has been depicted in novels, movies, and paintings. In Romania, this story is told from generation to generation and it had become an integral part of our culture. However, not many people know the true origins of Dracula. Pauses, tone changes, has a displeased figure on his face, moves toward a chair and sits down. This legend angers me since it is a figment of popular culture and gives a bad name to our Romanian society. It is unfair, and its main p urpose is to elevate the tourism of our nation. It was created by an Irish man. Pauses, thinks. I think he was Irish. I cant recall his name right now. Nevertheless, this man was quite misinformed and he just created this legend out of thin air. He was obsessed with phantoms, castles, and the supernatural. Points up to the ceiling and gazes outside towards the sky. He transformed the reality of Vlad Tepes into a silly legend. allow me give you a history of Vlad Tepes, in order for you to understand the background behind the story. In the 1400s, Romania was split into three provinces, Wallachia, Transylvania, and Moldova. Puts three fingers in the air. Vlad was born in a castle in Sighisoara in Transylvania. He be... ...The teller used his hands a lot to subtly express his inner emotions. He too tried to show the actions of a vampire attack, but it wasnt very effective, since there were no props and I had to use my imagination to understand. The storyteller slayin g embodied his annoyance with the myths mischaracterization, in his view, of Vlad Dracul, which shows the social implication of the story. The ability to believe easily without questioning the circumstances is a negative trait of our culture. Works CitedLeblanc, Benjamin H. Vlad Dracula An Intriguing Figure in the Fifteenth Century. Journal of the Dark. 13 Oct. 2004 http//members.aol.com/johnfranc/drac05.htm.Porter, Ray. The Historical Dracula. 13 Oct. 2004. http//www.eskimo.com/mwirkk/castle/vlad/vladhist.html.Vamp Club. 13 Oct. 2004. http//www.vampclub.com/index.htm.

Ict Policy and Server Room Proposal for a Small Firm

INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY POLICY DOCUMENT INTRODUCTION Information and Communications applied science indemnity addresses earnest issues and how to effectively apply and maintain cultivation dodges, thereby facilitating valueion of hypercritical, valuable and confidential information together with its associated placements. Most people argon likely to bring in the tot totally(prenominal)yude and severity of the loss or theft of confidential designs for a clean product.However they do non forever recognise the potential insecurity, and consequential result, of seemingly innocent activities, such(prenominal) as copying softwargon product program or copying the corporate selective informationbase onto their laptop computer com invester or non documenting changes do to their systems. The purchase and installation of hardw atomic number 18 and software requires those involved to consider carefully the Information protective covering issues involved in this process. Careful consideration of the comp eithers crinkle involve is paramount, as it is usually expensive to make subsequent changes.Analysis of drug abuser requirements versus the various benchmarks experiment results forget establish the best choice of master of ceremonies/software to be purchased. episode of in the raw equipment must(prenominal) be properly considered and mean to fend off un demand disruption and to contain that the IT & T Policy issues are adequately cover. The issue of IT consumables is looked into. These are expensive and should be properly controlled both from an expense posture as well as an Information Security perspective. Valuable items should continuously be kept in a secure environment to avoid damage or loss.OBJECTIVES To develop an Information Communication technology policy for KPLC retirement Benefits Scheme that introduces efficient and effective use of IT systems and in turn facilitate the smooth zip of the secretariat. MISSION STATEMENT To strive to provide nothing notwithstanding the best means of information and telecommunications services to the secretariat as a whole. DEFINITION OF ICT POLICY A set of rules, regulations, procedures and plans of action for administration of equipment, resources, and services in the ICT piece. TERMS OF REFERENCE The aim of this document is to ) Analyse procedures and practices that are in use currently and identify those that can be reinforced or changed. ii) take a crap out a meter plan for the smooth transition from the use of KPLC systems and resources. iii) Review apply policies elsewhere to facilitate broad knowledge and adapt ideas fitting to our environment. TABLE OF CONTENTS INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY POLICY DOCUMENT1 INTRODUCTION1 TABLE OF CONTENTS2 PREAMBLE4 IT & T SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS4 1. 0 PROCUREMENT OF HARDWARE, PERIPHERALS & OTHER EQUIPMENT8 1. 1 Purchasing and lay ironware8 1. 2Cabling, UPS, Printers and Modems15 1. 3Consumables16 . 4W orking off premises or using out-sourced processing18 1. 5 apply proficient Storage20 1. 6Documenting ironware23 1. 7 Telecommunications equipment25 1. 8Other Hardware Issues28 1. 9 Disaster Recovery Plans30 2. 0 CONTROLLING ACCESS TO INFORMATION & SYSTEMS IN THE SECRETARAIT32 2. 1Controlling Access to Information and Systems32 2. 1. 5 Controlling Access to Operating System Software38 Managing Passwords39 3. 0 PROCESSING INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTS46 3. 1 meshings46 3. 2System Operations and Administration49 3. 3E-mail and the World Wide Web57 3. 4Telephones & Fax69 3. 5 information Management73 3. 6Backup, Recovery and Archiving75 . 7Document Handling78 3. 7. 3 Countersigning Documents79 3. 7. 5 Approving Documents before dispatch80 3. 7. 6 Signature Verification80 3. 8Securing Data83 3. 8. 4 exerciseing Customer Information orphicity86 4. 0 PURCHASING AND MAINTAINING COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE90 4. 1Purchasing and Installing Software90 4. 2Software Maintenance & Upgrade92 4. 3Other Sof tware Issues94 5 COMBATING CYBER CRIME95 5. 1Combating Cyber Crime95 5. 1. 1 Defending Against Premeditated Third Party Cyber Crime Attacks95 5. 1. 2 Minimising the Impact of Cyber Attacks97 5. 1. 3 Collecting Evidence for Cyber Crime Prosecution98 5. 1. Defending Against Premeditated indispensable Attacks99 5. 1. 5 Defending Against Opportunistic Cyber Crime Attacks100 6. 0 COMPLYING WITH LEGAL AND POLICY REQUIREMENT101 6. 1Complying with Legal Obligations101 6. 1. 2 Complying with General Copyright Legislation101 6. 1. 3 Complying with Copyright and Software Licensing Legislation102 6. 1. 4 Legal Safeguards against Computer Misuse103 6. 2Complying with Policies103 6. 3Avoiding Litigation106 6. 3. 3 Sending Copyrighted Information Electronically107 7. 1 E- Commerce Issues108 7. 2 Structuring E-Commerce Systems Including Web Sites108 7. 3 Securing E-Commerce webs109 . 4 Configuring E-Commerce Web Sites110 7. 5 employ External Service Providers for E-Commerce Delivery Channel111 8 . 7Cost Considerations116 9. 0 DEALING WITH PREMISES RELATED CONSIDERATIONS118 9. 1 Physical Security of Equipment and Assets118 10. 0 NETWORK SECURITY MEASURES122 10. 1 Data Network devices122 10. 2 System administration123 10. 3 System Auditing129 10. 4 Email Policies130 10. 5 The Internet131 10. 6Computer desktop equipment133 10. 7Human Resource Aspects Policies141 10. 8Security Policy Auditing142 10. 9Incidence Management and Responses146 Reporting an Incident146 What is Cybercrime? 151 10. 0Movement of Telecommunications Equipment155 11. 1Setting Classification Standards157 12. 0 RETIREMENT OF OBSOLESCENCE OR OBSOLETE EQUIPMENT158 12. 1 Setting New Hardware Standards158 12. 2Methods of assessing old and inapt Software/hardware158 12. 3Hardware and software obsolescence160 12. 4RBS Depreciation Factors for Defining Old Or Inapt Equipment161 13. 0 APPENDIX 1162 13. 1 LIST OF SPARES & ACCESSORIES162 14. 1 GLOSSARY & REFERENCES163 PREAMBLE It is necessary for one to be familiar wit h the various Information Technology and Telecommunications Systems that the political party has acquired and installed over the years.This document provides the description of the systems as well as the policies formulated in regard to these IT & Telecommunications systems. IT & T SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS 1. Telephony The telephone mesh topology for RBS consists of the public interconnected mesh using automatic branch exchanges (PABX) which connects us to the public network using telecommunication service providers and private branch network (PBX) which is house in our commercial office premises which help us communicate in the premises by extension numbers. 2. Computer Data systemsThese are compose of info network hubs and switches which make the Local Area Networks (local area network) and the routers which interconnect the LANs. Each LAN is composed of passive data networks, servers and PCs that use the network thus get to exchange information and data throughout the enterpris e. 3. System Software and Data System software is the general term use to describe the m any software programs, drivers and utilities that together enable a computer system to operate. One of the main components of system software is the run system of the computer e. g.Microsoft Windows XP Professional. 4. Data Data in the language of information technology means the indivi twofold elements that comprise the information and can be processed, formatted and re-presented, so that it gains meaning and thereby becomes information. Here we are bear on with the protection and off the hook(predicate)guard of that data/information which, in its various forms can be identified as Business Assets or Information Assets. The term data and information can be used somewhat interchangeably but, as a general rule, information al vogues comprises data, but data is not always information.ICT SYSTEMS DESCRIPTIONS DESCRIPTIONS THE OF SYSTEM RBS Open Retirement Benefits Scheme System The system is us ed for the administration of employee and employer contributions into the RBS Fund. It has a database for phallus details together with their dependants. This is used when benefits are to be calculated for deceased persons and withdrawing members. The system also has a pensioners payroll used to pay all pensioners whether retirees or widows and orphans. Group Life for all employees and the issue of dying Expense is also maintained and administered in the system.Database Management Systems The secretariat database is managed using ORACLE database management systems(DBMS). Oracle databases are relational, thus data is break ind in them in row-column (table) format. tout ensemble the company data is stored and managed using ORACLE. WINDOWS NT ENVIRONMENT The Window NT environment operates in human races. A body politic is a collection of computers and users defined by the administrator of a Windows NT Server network that share a common directory database. A champaign provides accession to the centralised user accounts and group accounts maintained by the domain administrator.Each domain has a unique name. Window NT Environment In the current WAN model of KPLC there is a single arrive at domain called KPLCSTIMA. The KPLCSTIMA is also the main account domain and KPLCNET as Internet resource domain. A child domain know as RBS. KPLCSTIMA will be created from the master domain and will have trust relationship with it. This is will give us more control of our systems and semi-autonomy from the KPLC systems. It will be installed with Windows Server 2003 standard rendering operating system which will provide the following services at RBS 1.File and Print sharing. 2. Microsoft transfer Services host the resident Staff members mailboxes and enable efficient sending and receiving of internal/Internet mail and if need be provide also storage of the mailboxes. 3. Anti-virus Software. 4. Systems Management Server for Network management. 5. Internet Browsing. 6. To allow for faster downloads of the application up checks. 7. To enable the efficient installation and periodic updates of the PC anti-virus in the local area network. 8. For faster and seamless ancient logon of client PCs to the network.Our application i. e. RBS system is already running in a stand alone server and will continue that way to ensure system stability and integrity. The new system will also run on its own stand alone server for the same reason. The capital domain controller (PDC) tracks changes made to domain accounts. Whenever an administrator makes a change to a domain account, the change is recorded in the directory database on the PDC. The PDC is the only domain server that receives these changes directly. A domain has one PDC. A backup domain controller (BDC) maintains a copy of the directory database. This copy is synchronised periodically and automatically with the PDC. BDCs also authenticate user logons, and a BDC can be promoted to function as the PDC. Multip le BDCs can exist in a domain. lymph gland PCs Currently there are four PCs and two laptops in the secretariat all running Windows XP as the desktop operating system and networked using Windows NT operating system of the KPLC master domain. whole PCs have MS Office 2003 2007 as an office desktop application.The PCs have between 256 and 512 MB crash. All the PCs are running on Microsoft TCP/IP protocol and use USER LEVEL access on the network. Microsoft Exchange Server Microsoft Exchange Server is used for electronic messaging in and out of the constitution. Exchange is organised into entities called sites individually consisting of one or more servers containing mailboxes and public folders. unhorseboxes are where a users messages are kept, each user having a single mailbox whereas public folders are like notice boards, containing information that is shared between multiple users.Intra-site communication has to fleet at high speed and with high reliability. Inter-site commu nication can occur at lower speeds. In addition to local messaging, there is Internet messaging, implemented via the Proxy Server. Anti-Virus Software McAfees Total Virus Defence Software is the current company guard against viruses. The software is loaded on all the Exchange server protects against viruses distributed. A group of computers and the server that manages them is called an Anti-virus Domain. The anti virus server downloads new interpretation automatically from McAfee Website on the Internet.Once the new software version is downloaded, the system administrator configures it for distribution. It also alerts the system administrator to pull the latest versions to the Anti-virus Server. Internet Microsoft Proxy Server provides an easy, secure way to bring Internet access to every desktop in an plaque. The proxy server is a gateway between the companys network and the Internet. A gateway is special software, or a computer running special software, that enables two differe nt networks to communicate.The gateway acts as a barrier that allows you to make requests to the Internet and receive information, but does not allow access to your network by un empower users. pic 1. 0 PROCUREMENT OF HARDWARE, PERIPHERALS & OTHER EQUIPMENT 1. 1 Purchasing and Installing Hardware This Chapter deals with the Information Technology and Security issues relating to the purchase, use or maintenance of equipment through which information is processed and stored. 1. 1. 0 Procurement of Hardware, Peripherals and Other Equipment Policy StatementAll purchases of new systems hardware or new components for subsisting systems must be made in accordance with Information Security and other organisation Policies, as well as skilful standards. Such requests to purchase must be found upon a User Requirements Specification document and take account of longer-term organisational business needs. The purchase and installation of hardware requires those involved to consider carefully t he Information Security issues involved in this process. This section covers the signalize areas to be considered. . 1. 1 Specifying Information Security Requirements for New Hardware The purchase of new computers and peripherals requires careful consideration of the business needs because it is usually expensive to make subsequent changes. ICT Issues to consider Action Required The system must have adequate capacity or else it may not be Estimate the current and potential load on the system. able to process your data. For critical applications ensure that the system is reliable and of high quality. Select a supplier with a proven track record, who is likely to be in business for the livelihood of the hardware. Data must be adequately protected differently there is a risk Determine the type of safeguards necessary for the information of loss or accidental / malicious damage. concerned and ensure that the hardware is capable of supporting the needful features, e. g. the type of operating system and attached devices. See classifying information and data Where hardware maintenance is poor or unreliable, you greatlyChoose a supplier with a proven track record, who is likely to be increase the risk to the organisation, because, in the event in business for the life of the hardware. of failure, processing could simply STOP. Enter into a maintenance contract at the time of purchase with a fit response time in the event of a failure. See service level agreement The system must be sufficiently resilient to avoid Determine your organisations tolerance to system non-availability unplanned down-time, which can have an immediate negative (seconds, minutes, hours or days? , and approach the design of your impact on your organisation hardware configuration accordingly. Consider the use of mirrored disks to guard against disk failures double up processors in case of processor failure duplicate configurations and the use of an Unin terrupted Power furnish (UPS) and standby generators. 1. 1. 2 Installing New Hardware Installation of new equipment must be properly considered and planned to avoid unnecessary disruption and to ensure that the ICT Policy issues are adequately covered. (See exposit for further detail. ) Policy Statement All new hardware installations are to be planned formally and notified to all interested parties a chieftain of the proposed installation date. Information Technology and Security requirements for new installations are to be circulated for comment to all interested parties, well in advance of installation. ICT Issues to consider Action Required The equipment must be located in a suitable environment otherwiseAdhere to the specifications and recommendations of the it may fail. manufacturer or supplier, e. g. for operational temperature, humidity etc. Adequate safeguards against clear, water and electrical failure should be in place. See Premises Any disclosure of you r network diagrams, security features, interpret that all persons on site, whether from your own perspectives and configurations etc. exposes potential organisation or not, have completed a Non-Disclosure discernment vulnerabilities, which could be exploited. Although a Non Disclosure Agreement paves the way for legal redress, it cannot protect you against actual commercial damage. Leaving tools, utilities and developers kits on your new system All new systems should be configured for maximum practical endangers the confidentiality and integrity of your data security by the removal of unnecessary utilities, developers programs, etc. a technique known as hardening. Without an installation plan for the new equipment, disruption to batten down that all special pre-installation requirements (e. g. air operational systems is more likely. conditioning) have been met. Identify the precise situation for the equipment and ensure that the power and network cables are read y. Agree a detailed installation plan with the trafficker. Anticipate what might go wrong and consider how to minimise the risks. Where the installation plan does not include safeguards against Agree a detailed installation plan and document it. See Project the (inevitable) increased security bane resulting from Plan (relatively) distribute access to the systems area, accidental or Monitor progress against the plan. malicious damage can result. Only allow authorised persons access to the systems area. To protect all parties never allow engineers to work unattended. Breaches of Health and Safety regulations endanger the well beingEnsure Health and Safety regulations are followed when locating of your staff and your organisations commercial activities. the equipment, peripherals and cables. A periodic visual inspection is beneficial also. 1. 1. 3 Testing Newly Installed Systems and Equipment Hardware should be tested when new to avow it is working correct ly, and then further tests applied periodically to ensure continued effective functioning. Policy StatementAll equipment must be fully and comprehensively tested and formally accepted by users before being transferred to the live environment or user sites. ICT Issues to consider Action Required Where new equipment is not tested for critical functions before Ensure that all new installations are thoroughly tested after being used, it can lead to failure and therefore damage to both data initial set-up and prior to live use. and other linked systems. All such tests should be in accordance with a document test plan. Inadequate testing can little terroren the integrity and availability ofCheck the test products to confirm the results. Ensure that your data. all- trace components, e. g. hard disk subsystems are include in the tests. Devices that are known to degrade with time, e. g. printers, should be tested periodically Where testing is performed in a manner that doe s not simulate Ensure that the test plan simulates realistic work patterns live conditions, the results of such testing cannot be relied upon. unfortunate security procedures during equipment testing can compromise Ensure that Non Disclosure Agreement have been obtained from all the confidentiality of your data. third party staff involved in testing the equipment. Verify that the required security configuration and safeguards have been implemented for the new hardware. If live data is used in the testing process for the new hardware, ensure that it is closely controlled.See Use of Live Data for Testing informative notes NT servers The analysis of user requirements (client base and mail sizes expect) versus the various benchmarks test results will establish the best choice of server to be purchased. For file and print server only disk space is a key requirement. IT & T Issues Key Actions processor Board Dual CPU, redundant system components in many aspects dish & Disk space Enough storage to cater for expected growth of mail database for the next fiscal year Redundant and RAID-5 capable SPEC INT2000 Compares CPU speeds for various servers. SPEC CPU2000 To establish best processors and server performances. (http//www. specbench. org/) To establish best server as per RBS requirements. Do sample analysis based on databases expected or consult database product vendor on system demands. TPC-C benchmark The TPC-C benchmark measures the ability of a server to process transactions in a simulated business environment, calculating both the See guidelines at http//www. tpc. org/ for performance of the System Under Test and real world scenario. transactions per server Mail servers should handle 1500 mail user traffic simultaneously in a normal business environment. Mail servers should be capable of storing all mails processed in a normal working day. Routers ICT Issues Key Actions Router basics Dual CPU , all redundant system components installed at time of purchase in many aspects IOS, RAM and ROM Latest Cisco IOS e. g. ver 12. X. , 128 MB RAM and suitable flash memory to store all features of IOS. VPN and 3-DES features enabled IOS compatibility New routers should Cisco compatible to integrate seamlessly with existing IOS and equipment. Number of WAN ports Decide by local needs e. g. Hub-routers should be preferred for small LANs User Management Manageable by local or by st feed interface, RMON, SNMP or network user interfaces. Hubs and Switches Item Action Hardware basics Dual CPU, all redundant system components installed at time of purchase in many aspects IOS, RAM and ROM Latest Cisco IOS e. g. ver 12. X, VLAN and work grouping, bridging possible. IOS compatibility Cisco compatible to integrate seamlessly with existing IOS and equipment. Protocols Ethernet enabled L Number of LAN ports Decide by local needs e. g. Hub-routers should be pref erred for small LANs User Management Manageable by local or by remote interface, RMON, SNMP or html enabled network user interface. Modems Item Action required Software Compatible Supports HyperTerminal for Windows Should be configurable using AT commands V90 Modems should be V90 standard and downward compatible with existing V54 & V42 types, etc. 2 & 4 wire Supports two wire dialup and 4 wire leased analogue line use. Data cabinets Equipment cabinets should be properly chosen. The current 6U cabinet is too small for any future expansion or even good workmanship to be carried out. Vendors should provide cabinet of size equal or larger than 12U cabinet. Item Action Sufficient space for equipment The cabinet should house all the equipment and accessories at the installation See http//www. datacabinets. om/ time, sacrifice inhabit for future expansion and provide free space for proper ventilation Aesthetically chosen for office environment The cabinet aesthetic ally sinister to match with general looks in the vicinity free standing or wall mounted and should be equipped with sufficient power blocks. Proper ventilation and humidity The cabinet must have sufficient cooling fans.The fans in these cabinets shall be designed to give minimum noise level expected in a normal office environment and must be designed to keep the humidity level low. Designed for equipment therein The cabinets will be used to house all the active equipment and connection accessories such patch panels, Light Unit Interfaces (LIU). Be lockable and be equipped with some trays. LIUs, cord organisers, cable straps etc. Grounding and ESD All cabinet shall be electrically grounded to ensure electric noise and electrostatic discharge is minimised. Server Room The following items are utilizable in a server room construction. Item Action Backup supply Installation of a central UPS to back up for at least(prenominal)(prenominal) 30 minutes aft er an outage. Conditioned power supply Installation of spike protectors is necessary to ensure well regulated supply free of surges and dips. neat and extensive cable trays Construction of a skillful (false) floor and technical roof (false ceiling) to house all types of cabling and utilities such as fire hydrants, smoke detectors, etc No electrostatic discharge (ESD) in computer centre and Proper grounding and use of anti-static PVC tiles on floor. Each tile must be equipment grounded well. Maintain ambient temperature Installation of a two way redundant air conditioning system. Maintain 16 ? C via room wall. Guard against fires and similar hazards Installation of an automatic fire-fighting system Use effective extinguishers that are less hazardous to Use most inert system e. g. Inergen human health. See www. inergen. com/ Classify room usage Partitioning of the computer room Proper lighting Supply and installation of False Ceiling Protection against harmf ul effects of fire hydrants Supply of Gas Masks 1. 2Cabling, UPS, Printers and Modems CablingFor best of cabling the following international standards should be incorporated when carrying voice/data-cabling works. Item Action Scope Systems Administrator to access scope of requirements. Design of cabling name and premises consideration According to ANSI/EIA/TIA 568B & 569 standards See www. ansi. org, www. eia. org & http//www. tiaonline. rg Implementation and workmanship of cabling works and testing According to ANSI/EIA/TIA 606 & 607 standards of installing and maintaining data/voice cabling plant. Network Active devices Different vendors have preferred methods of rolling out active devices try this method Develop high-level process flow diagram for deploying new solutions solution hardware requirements solution management platforms solution validation by pilot project full solution deployment document all related information for management, maintenanc e and future extensions UPSThe following formulas are useful in determining choice of UPS. The UPS are rated in terms of steady power out put and backup time. Steady power rate is given in watts= W Backup time is given in Hours or Ampere-hour of the batteries. = Ah Backup capacity in terms of Ampere-Hour is Ah = (Watt x time) and or is computed to be Ah =3. 6 Mega joules. Power x Time = Energy (joules) Translates to Time =Ah/power E. g. StimaEIS is 7. 2-kVA load. To backup for half an hour it requires (7200 x 30 x 60 x 60)/3. 6 x106 = 216 Ah Given that each small battery is 12V with 9 Ah each then the UPS will have 24 small batteries. Similarly for rest of the computers same formula can be used. 1. 3Consumables IntroductionICT consumables are expensive and should be properly controlled both from an expense perspective as well as an Information Security perspective. This section deals with the Information Security aspects of IT consumables. 1. 3. 1 Controlling IT Consumables Poli cy Statement IT Consumables must be purchased in accordance with the organisations approved purchasing procedures with usage monitored to discourage theft and improper use. They must be kept in a well-designated store away from working area. Explanatory Notes Examples of consumables are printer forms, stationery, printer paper, toner & ink, ribbons, disks, diskettes, bar-code labels and other accessories. Item Key Actions Pilfering of your consumables results in increased organisationalSafeguard Consumables against petty theft by locking cupboards, expense. maintaining a register, written authorisation prior to removal of items etc. Keys to be kept by the supervisors office. Consumables may be stolen with the role to defraud your Take special measures to protect potentially valuable pre-printed organisation or customers. forms and account for their usage. Store area should be a dependant area, use gate-passes and authorisation. Confidential data may be revealed to unauthor ised persons from Ensure that confidential information cannot be identified from discarded Consumables e. g. discarded draft printer output and discarded Consumables, such as printer ribbons and floppy disks, test data printer output. by destroying them. Destroy or shred surplus printout / fiche containing data, whether or not the data appears to be confidential it may be See also Classifying Information and Data. 1. 3. Using removable storage media including Diskettes and CDs Policy Statement Only effect who are authorised to install or modify software, and staff who are authorised to transfer and update data shall use removable media to transfer data to / from the organisations network. Any other persons shall require specific authorisation. Explanatory Notes When using removable storage media, there are additional ICT Security risks associated with the portability of the media. force-out authorised to install & modify software is the system administrator. Personnel authorised to transfer and update data shall be determined by the general omnibus and systems administrator. ICT Issues Key Actions Loss or disappearance of disks, tapes, etc. can Ensure that all media are stored safely and securely. compromise the confidentiality of the organisations Make sure that all media are labelled clearly, whether physically and/or data. electronically, and that they can be located easily when needed. Designate key individuals to monitor the storage and use of removable media. distress to media compromises the integrity of your Follow the manufacturers recommendations when handling the media. corporate records. Take protective measures against environmental extremes of temperature, humidity, dust, etc. , enamour to the importance and sensitivity of the data. Consider carefully the safeguards required for any media being moved or stored off-site especially backup tapes / disks. In the case of irreplaceable data, you should consi der taking security copies, each of which must be properly safeguarded. Consider using fire-resistant storage cabinets for such media. 1. 4Working off premises or using out-sourced processing Working Off-Premises involves a broad range of Information Security risks. In addition to the obvious threat of theft of the equipment there are also significant risks to the information contained on portable equipment. It is necessary to use business centres with great care as confidential information or data can be input onto equipment that is not under your control. 1. 4. 1 Contracting or using Out-sourced Processing The following issues should be considered if the organisation decides to utsource some or all of its computer processing. Policy Statement Persons responsible for fit out-sourced computer processing must ensure that the services used are from reputable companies that operate with accredited information security and quality standards which should include an appropriate Ser vice Level Agreement. ICT Issues to consider Action Required Inadequate performance can threaten your organisations Determine the critical success factors for your organisation in terms of information processing and business operations. speed, reliability, response and ability to scale rapidly (if necessary). Document these factors in a Service Level Agreement with penalty clauses for breaches. Poor reliability threatens the performance of your Consider your organisations tolerance to system non-availability in business. seconds, minutes, hours or days? Ensure that the service provider can meet these needs. Document these factors in a Service Level Agreement with penalty clauses for breaches. Lack of direct control when outsourcing can compromise Due diligence should be exercised to ensure that the outsourcing company data confidentiality. is reputable and operates with adequate standards. Obtain a Non Disclosure Agreement from the outsourcing company. Insis t on secure transmission system methods between your organisation and theirs, e. g. authenticated transmission with encrypted data. 1. 4. 2 Issuing Laptop / Portable Computers to PersonnelLaptops, Portables, Palmtops -or even electronic organisers, which connect to and store your organisations data are included in spite of appearance this topic. Throughout this topic we refer to them collectively as laptops Policy Statement Line management must authorise the issue of portable computers. Usage is restricted to business purposes, and users must be aware of, and accept the terms and conditions of use, especially responsibility for the security of information held on such devices ICT Issues Action Required Confidential data disclosed to unauthorised persons can Be certain that the member of staff has a valid business reason for damage the organisation. using a laptop.Maintain and update the Hardware Inventory with the primary users name and contact details Ensure that you are always able to trace the physical location of the laptop and that the type and sensitivity of any stored data is known and properly secure. Always use any power-on password feature as a dewy-eyed deterrent to opportunistic usage. Ensure the confidentiality and security of backup files. The use of unlicensed software can subject your All software used on the laptop must be licensed and comply with both organisation to legal action legal and organisational standards. Viruses, Worms, Trojans and other Malicious Code can Scan the laptop for malicious code and viruses regularly. corrupt both data and the system files. Always scan files before accepting them onto the laptop Theft of the laptop exposes the organisation to the threatEnsure that the holder implements adequate safety procedures against of disclosure of reasonable corporate data to competitors. theft. Consider the use of securing wires or other security devices in open offices. Ensure that the Hardware Inventory contains relevant allocation details of all computers. Insure the laptop against loss, theft and damage. Be aware of any exclusion in cover. Prepare guidelines for issuing portable computing equipment. Inadequate backup and recovery routines can lead to the Ensure that laptop computers can have their data safeguarded through loss of data. regular backups. Ensure that the primary user of the equipment recognises their responsibilities in this regard. Guidelines for Issuing Portable Computing Equipment Those responsible for issuing portable computer equipment must ensure that the following is complied with before issuing such equipment to employees. Ensure that adequate insurance cover is provided for the portable equipment for use in the home country and abroad. Ensure that suitable virus scanning software is present on the equipment. Supply suitable network connections and ensure that access procedures are applied if the equipment is to be conn ected to a network. Ensure that adequate capacity (hard disk and memory size) is available on the equipment to support business processing. Ensure that adequate backup and restore facilities and procedures are in place. Ensure that compatible versions of application software are in place. Ensure that software encryption and/or physical locking devices are in place. Ensure that adequate records of the equipment are maintained, and that the issue is authorised and receipted. Ensure that authorisation for use of portable computing equipment is received Ensure that the Terms of Use are issued and signed. 1. 5Using Secure Storage Introduction It is essential that valuable confidential or critical information or equipment is stored in a secure location. This section covers secure storage. Policy Statement comminuted or valuable material and equipment must be stored securely and according to the classification status of the information being stored. Documents are to be stored in a s ecure manner in accordance with their classification status. 1. 5. 1 Using lockable storage cupboards & filing cabinets A lockable storage cupboard should be considered for storing sensitive or valuable equipment.A lockable filing cabinet should be considered for secure storage of paper-based files and records, or small but movable items. ICT Issues Key Actions unfastened organisation sensitive material may be Ensure that all sensitive material is secured in a lockable storage stolen from the department. cupboard, cabinet or safe when not required. The more sensitive the material, the more care must be taken in selecting the appropriate storage method. Ensure you are aware of who is an authorised key holder to any such storage cupboard, cabinet or safe. Ensure that a second key is available with a trusted key holder via a dual control issues process in case the key holder is unavailable or the item is required in an emergency. firmly locked organisation sensitive ma terial may beEnsure that highly sensitive material including computer discs and tapes stolen or damaged whilst in store. are stored in a fire rated storage cupboard, cabinet, or safe.Beware that the cabinet itself may survive the fire but the items inside may be damaged irreparably. Ensure that all sensitive material is secured in a lockable storage cupboard, cabinet, or safe when not required. Use a storage unit, which matches the sensitivity of the material. The more sensitive the material, the more care must be taken in selecting the appropriate storage method. Ensure you are aware of who is an authorised key holder to any such storage cupboard, cabinet or safe. Ensure that a second key is available with a trusted key holder via a dual control issues process in case the key holder is unavailable or the item is required in an emergency. 1. 5. 2 Using Fire-Protected Storage Cabinets & Safes A fire protected storage cabinet is a good way to protect sensitive m aterial against the risk of being destroyed by fire and possible water damage from fire fighting activities. The use of safes for storage is to be encouraged.The security of the safe itself is just as critical. Policy Statement Items such as backup-tapes, microfiche, microfilm, archives, recovery diskettes, passwords, CDs for software installation shall be considered sensitive and valuable to the organisation and must be stored in fire-protected storage cabinets & safes. IT & T Issues Key Actions Sensitive data stored in fire-protected cabinets can Ensure that all sensitive material is secured in a Fire protected nevertheless be damaged beyond use. Due to their possible cabinets & safe when not required.Yearly & Monthly system & database additional weight, siting is a key consideration backups should be kept away from the make Ensure you are aware of who is an authorised key holder to any such storage cupboard, cabinet or safe. Ensure that a second key is available with a trusted key holder via a data control issues process in case the key holder is unavailable or the item is required in an emergency. Sensitive data may be lost if stolen or during transit. Copies of archives should be kept separate from actual database backups. A physical log file to control backup data movement to various safe locations to be kept up-to-date both with signature of security personnel and person moving the backups. Data Library to be up-to-date with details of backup date, type, location, type & expiry date 1. 6Documenting Hardware Introduction This section deals with hardware documentation and manuals, and also hardware lineage. It is essential that hardware documentation is kept up to date and made available to all users as appropriate. 1. . 1Managing and Using Hardware Documentation Documentation refers to both the operator manuals and the technical documentation that should be provided by the supplier / vendor. Policy Statement Hardware documentati on must be kept up-to-date and readily available to the all staff that may need it. ICT Issues Key Actions If equipment is operated incorrectly mistakes and Ensure you receive all operational and technical manuals for each piece damage may result. of equipment. Store the documentation accessibly but safely. Systems users must be trained according to the suppliers manuals A failure to follow the recommended agenda of Ensure all regular maintenance is carried out and monitored. maintenance runs the risk of system malfunction, which Adopt procedures which ensure that your operators complete all could possibly jeopardise your business operation. maintenance for which they are responsible according to the manufacturers recommendation Failure to operate equipment in accordance with the Ensure you receive all operational and technical manuals for each piece instructions can invalidate the warranty. of equipment. Ensure that such manuals are readily available and form the basis of all training. Failure to complete and reward the manufacturers Complete the warranty card in time and record the details in your warranty card may invalidate the warranty and hence Hardware Inventory Register. limit the manufacturers liability 1. 6. 2 Maintaining a Hardware Inventory or Register Introduction A register / database of all computer equipment used within your organisation is to be established and maintained. Policy Statement A formal inventory of all equipment should be maintained and kept up to date at all times. ICT Issues Key Actions Theft of equipment is most likely to result in additional Establish inventory and implement procedures for updating it. cost to the organisation and could compromise data security. Ensure that you have a procedure to advise the acquisition of new hardware, the disposal of old items and any changes of location. Periodically verify the justness of the inventory by checking that a sample of hardware is physically pres ent. Inadequate insurance could render your organisation liable Establish inventory and implement procedures for guardianship it to loss in the event of a claimable event. up-to-date. Ensure that you periodically review the adequacy of your insurance cover. Shortcomings in the planning of equipment replacement can Establish an inventory and, in conformance with your IT Plan, ear make it difficult to plan ahead for new technology. mark equipment for replacement and plan accordingly. 1. 7 Telecommunications equipment (Procurement, maintenance, practices and design telecommunications) Procurement of telecommunications system shaper maintenance (internal & external) Design criteria of systems Commissioning & De fit out of systems Fibre optic systems Introduction This chapter deals with the Information Communication Technology issues relating to the purchase, use, maintenance and the design of equipment through which information is processed and transmitted. The systems cov ered include, Telephony (PAX and PABX) Data Networks Fibre Network 1. 7. 1 System Design ( Engineering) Policy statement ICT system engineering will be based on tested and proven state of the art technology for a given ICT system. Explanatory notesThe systems administrator shall from time to time update her/himself with new international standards for ICT systems. She/he shall be required to come up with flexible systems that will meet the company needs at the best. ICT Issues Actions Technology System engineering shall be based on the latest technology in the required field such as Telephony. Companys needs (Application) The design shall address the company needs and applications for at least the next ten years. Flexibility The system design shall address the equipment flexibility and upgrade. Redundancy The design will state the expected loading and redundancy of the equipment 1. 7. 2 Procurement Policy Statement In addition to the public and company procurement procedu res, the ICT departments will specify in details the functional and capacity requirements of system before any purchase is done. Explanatory notes Before any system acquisition is done, the system administrator will be required to have evaluated the companys needs.This will include system performance reliability ultimate capacity and staff abilities included proposed training requirements. This will be in the form of Request for scheme (RFP) documents. IC T Issues Actions Tender document Shall have detailed system/equipment description of the performance, reliability and capacity of hardware. The system life expectancy shall be required Spares and Support The system spares will be stated.The system support and staff training clearly be addressed Authorised dealership/partnership The vendor shall be required to state and prove the partnerships with the manufacturer Tendering The type of bidders to be invited shall be stated 1. 7. 3 Commissioning/ Decommissioning Pol icy Statement System commissioning will be carried out as stipulated in the manufactures testing/commissioning sheets for any new ICT equipment. Tests should nclude all the RFP system requirements. System commissioning is necessary to construe system performance all the designed parameters will be tested. After the commissioning the system passwords should be immediately changed as a security measure, to protect any data manipulation or corruption from the vendor. ICT Issues Actions Performance All tests as per system design and manufacturers specification/performance shall be carried out. Drawings All system drawings shall be submitted ( at least three copies)and kept in safe custody Equipment Cabinet keys The equipment cabinet keys shall be handed over to the functional head Decommissioning System decommissioning shall be carried out once the equipment is no longer in use. Commissioning sheets and drawings shall be used to determine the current connection (Circuit t ermination) of the system. The decommissioned equipment shall be removed from the Telecom room and all wires/cables not used shall be removed. The drawings for decommissioned systems/equipment shall be retired. 1. 7. 4 Maintenance Practices Policy Statement All ICT systems shall be maintained regularly as per manufactures recommendations. Where system are placed in harsh environments, system maintenance will be carried out as deemed by the systems administrator. Explanatory notes All system maintenance should be done in house as much as possible. Outsourcing of maintenance (Annual Maintenance Contracts, AMCs) contrac

Jamaican Bauxite Case Report

Jamaican Bauxite Mining Case Report -Palak The documentary video shows how bauxite mining affects environment in Jamaica. After the mining do by takes place, the residual red mud is dumped into a lake in the highlands of Central Jamaica. However, these red mud lakes resulted in the percolation of caustic residues (sodium) into the underground aquifers in local field of operationss. The gunk contains high levels of heavy metals and other pollutants. Thus, the soil remaining, cannot sustain life on it.The environmental impact of Jamaicas bauxite mining symbolizes the majority of mining or heavy in propagaterial operations. Bauxite mining, which is considered as surface mining, is land extensive, noisy and dusty. Mining pits are often in between small rural communities, thereby requiring companies relocate the people and/or to monetarily compensate them. To facilitate this process, all the biodiversity has to be destroyed, thus touch on subsistence farmers the most, who are not even provided with any kind of compensation, as we see Mr.Neville Palmer telling us, in the video. This loss of biodiversity is of great concern to all environmentalists. Mr. Dixon, an environmentalist tells us how the heavy metals present in the mud, is seeping into the ground water and that in turn is polluting rivers and streams. Thus, affecting not only the environment and surrounding ecosystem, but also the health of the local communities. The local people complain that the air is polluted by bauxite dust coming from the lake and a nearby processing plant.However, one of the leading companies of bauxite mining in Jamaica, have stated that their bauxite residues facilities contain no toxic components and uses the latest applied science for the red mud disposal. Reclamation and restoration of mined land is also done on a timely basis. The environmentalists dont seem excessively satisfied with that, though. They say that the revenue generated by bauxite mining in Jamaica is far less than the harm caused to the environment by the land erosion n pollution.Meanwhile, as the dispute continues, the mining companies continue to flourish. In the later years, the Jamaican Mining Act was introduced. The Jamaican Mining Act of 1947 requires mines to remove topsoil before mining, and recover it as part of the reclamation process. According to the Act, the companies holding the mining license, must, as soon as mining activities are over, desexualise every mined area of land to the level of productivity that existed prior to the mining.This restoration must take place within six months after the activity has ended and failure to do so will result in a penalty of US$ 4,500 per acre. Since the average cost of restoration for mined-out bauxite lands in US$ 4000 per acre, the companies are encouraged to restore rather than pay the fine. Thus presently, the bauxite mining scenario in Jamaica is of high concern and environmentalists are doing as much as possible to curb the ha rmful effects. The companies to a fault have started to join hands, but no great success or improvements yet.

College Athletes Essay

For the longest time the NCAA was never a multi-billion dollar mark industry many years they did not make half of that. numerous big colleges had budgets that would make teams such as Alabama, Georgia, Miami, Oregon, Etc. laugh about what they were able to provide for sports. There have been questions for years about whether a college athletic supporter should be paid or not and if athletes deserve to be paid for what they do at that take, after already being paid to go to shoal there, for most of the encounterers. When athletes go to college they still put themselves in the same physical danger as a professional athlete does.The NCAA alone is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over 845 billion dollars last year in 2011. Facts have shown that college athletes in the NCAA, on an annual salary, make zero dollars however, it is a blessing that they argon going to school for free. This business is that they get entirely(prenominal) the work done and the business they w ant to come in and basic everyy the NCAA athletes work for free. Having a light and having their education paid for is somewhatthing great but the gold they get for school is not the only money they need for the bumpy road to their profession.The billions of dollars that is received p.a. is nowhere close to being equitable to just a bachelors degree. What the student athletes are earning is a big slice of heaven to some students and their families of course, but it showed accumulate to something higher than that degree of college education. The NCAA has been historically stubborn over changing its ways to adapt to the times. But lately, even NCAA President Mark Emmert has conceded that it whitethorn be time for college players in big money sports to start getting a cash stipend amounting to as much as a a couple of(prenominal) thousand dollars per year. (Blake Baxter, Eureka College) At least the president of the NCAA has been admiring the idea of giving money to the players and helping them through their college years. Being an athlete in college is having a chisel, and their job is to bust their butts at practice, come to play on game day, and repeat that cycle, with no pay. Many athletes with their schedules do not have time to make themselves meals, so they have to buy food or they drive to places where they could get it- which costs money in gas.Football and basketball at the Division One level have been the biggest suppliers of money because many of their revenues. These two sports have evolved to the level that coaches and universities are making staggering amounts of money off of the talent of their student-athletes. With the amount of money coaches and schools make, the athletes should be able to get paid for their hard work, all the pain that they put their bodies through, the countless hours of practice workouts, and classes. Surely they need to be paid for putt it all on the line.Argument 2 Many college athletes make decisions that will chang e their lives- such as Trent Richardson, who played for University Of Alabama. Richardson had to deal with the decision of having to raise two children piece being a full time college athlete. When all this was going on, Richardson had no income what so ever, no time, and was dedicated to the football program at U of A. Richardson brought packaging to his school and to opposite athletes with children that they were trying to raise.While Richardson was at school playing, his two daughters would be at home with their mother watching their daddy play and petting the screen when he would appear. Hes a big strong guy, hes hitting everybody in practice. And when hes around his kids, hes a completely different person, running back Eddie Lacy said. Hes real sweet. Hes a good father. With all the strength he shows on the field and the sweetness he shares with his daughter, and the hard work he and others put out, they still earn zero dollars each year.It shows and tells all the time- he puts in time and effort to make it in life and take care of his girls Its a level of maturity you dont normally find among guys his age, running backs coach Burton Burns said. They are a priority for him. He has a tough schedule with school and football, but he is going to find time to spend with those girls. That level of maturity should never be second guessed and overlooked to give certain players money to get through school and help raise their family like in Richardsons situation. He is basically working a full time job, going to school, and playing football for Coach Saben.He needs to get what he earns, which would be a little salary. A father and athlete that could say this I dont want them to struggle like I did, to go through the stuff I had to go through, Richardson said. Thats really motivated me on the field. Because when I play with my girls on my mind, I feel like nobody can stop me. Richardson is not the only struggling college athlete. There are a lot of other tea ms in college that have athletes that participate in the games and practices but do not get any profit from their hard work and dedication.Argument 3 Eric LeGrand, the fountain Rutgers University football player who was paralyzed from the neck down during a 2010 game, GIving the same effort that each professional athlete makes each game day. Players putting their bodies in this physical danger, and only getting a certain degree when graduating after four years of college. LeGrand the Big Defensive Lineman was on cease off team running down the field trying to make a tackle, and when hitting a player he fell to the ground and was static it was devastating.The way Eric lives his life epitomizes what we are looking for in Buccaneer Men, Schiano said. If the NCAA would recognize the effort and the danger these athletes are put in, they would be generous and give college athletes a little salary. Players like LeGrand are why i stand behind the decision to pay the players a little profi t of what they help make. Without all of these awful athletes i dont beleive the schools would encounter most of the money they make as a university or college.NOt just football, other sports bring in huge amounts of money from ticket sales, team apparel sales, etc. College Athletes are the epitome of where all the money comes from and deserve more then a bachelor degree, and deserve a little allowance for all their hardwork, bringing in a lot of the income. Works cited http//usatoday30. usatoday. com/sports/college/football/acc/story/2012-01-08/tough-guy-richardson-softens-up-as-a-dad/52458854/1 http//www. cbssports. com/collegefootball/story/21575106/if-college-athletes-really-owe-schools-money-then-they-must-be-paid

Ethics Hw Week 6

ETHICS HW WEEK 6 - 1. Question Teddys Supplies chief executive officer has asked you to advise him on the facts of the brass, and your opinion of their potential liability. Write a memo to him which states your view of whether the confederacy is exposed to liability on completely issues you feel are in play. Include in your memo each laws which apply and any precedential fonts all for or against Teddys case which impact liability. Include your opinion of the worst case of damages the company whitethorn have to pay to Virginia. Your Answer Memo to CEO Your company is in fact in liability for negligence in protecting the best interest of your employee, poll. Even though she participated in many of the inner anguish situations your upper management did anything to stop or report any of the activities they were aware of. The people put n charge failed the company and Ms Pollard by not being responsible and assuming just as much responsibility as she had in the situation. Per the EEO guidelines An employer is always responsible for molestation by a supervisory program that culminated in a tangible meshing action.If the anguish did not lead to a tangible employment action, the employer is liable unless it proves that 1) it exercised reasonable consider to pr even offt and promptly correct any harassment and 2) the employee unreasonably failed to complain to management or to avoid harm otherwise An individual qualifies as an employees supervisor if the individual has the authority to recommend tangible employment decisions affecting the employee or if the individual has the authority to direct the employees daily survive activities.A tangible employment action means a signifi burn downt transmit in employment status. Examples include hiring, firing, promotion, demotion, undesirable reassignment, a decision causing a significant change in benefits, compensation decisions, and work assignment Employers should establish, distribute to all employees, an d enforce a policy prohibiting harassment and setting out a procedure for making infirmitys. In most cases, the policy and procedure should be in writing. Small businesses may be able to discharge their responsibility to prevent and correct harassment through less clearal means.For example, if a business is sufficiently small that the owner maintains regular contact with all employees, the owner can tell the employees at staff meetings that harassment is prohibited, that employees should report such conduct promptly, and that a complaint can be brought straight to the top. If the business conducts a prompt, thorough, and impartial investigation of any complaint that arises and undertakes swift and appropriate corrective action, it will have fulfilled its responsibility to effectively prevent and correct harassment http//www. eoc. gov/policy/docs/harassment-facts. html By violating al of the above content we would recommend that Virginia be awarded damages for back pay, a psycholo gical evaluation, a percentage of stocks/shares in the company for future earnings and action disciplinary to be interpreted against all parties involved Points Received 25 of 30 Comments How did the management fail her? 2. Question The NJ Human Rights fit found that Pollard was the victim of Sexual Harassment and disparate treatment. Please answer these questions a.Provide the most current rendering of versed harassment, including a definition of quid pro quo and hostile environment sexual harassment. Name an appellatecourt case where an employer was found liable for either quid pro quo or hostile environment sexual harassment. Describe the facts of the case, and the decision the court came to in the case. Include the citation to the case and a link to it online. Would the case apply to Pollards case? Why or why not? Would you want to use this case in Teddys favor or Pollards favor? (10 points)b.Explain which form of sexual harassment that you suspect NJ Human Rights mis sionary station found Virginia had been a victim of and why you feel that is the case. Provide law or a case to support your position. If you feel Pollard was not a victim of harassment in this case, explain why you feel that way, and provide law or a case to support your position(10 points)c. Explain what defenses to sexual harassment Teddys had in this case (Include the name and citation ofat least two national or state sexual harassment case(s) which provide precedential support to your defense statement. (10 points. )d. What is disparate treatment and why do you think the Human Rights commission found it had occurred? Do you agree with this decision? (10 points. ) Your Answer A. The legal definition of sexual harrassment is a form of sex discrimination. The legal definition of sexual harassment is unwelcome verbal, visual, or physical conduct of a sexual nature that is severe or pervasive and affects working conditions or creates a hostile work environment. Quid pro quo, a Lati n term meaning this for that, occurs when your boss offers you benefits, or threatens to change your working conditions, based on your response to his demands for sexual favors. Ill mete out you a raise if you go out with me. or Ill demote you if you dont have sex with me are examples of quid pro quo harassment. Hostile environment harassment occurs when physical, verbal, or visual sexual harassment is severe or pervasive enough to create a hostile or abusive work environment.This type of harassment does not require a loss or threat of loss of your job, or the promise of benefits. Comments about your body, sexual remarks, pornographic pictures displayed at the workplace, and touching and grabbing may all create a hostile work environment. In addition, the conduct must be unwelcome to you. If you like, want, or welcome the conduct, then you are not being sexually harassed. And if the conduct does not relate to your sex or have sexual references, its not sexual harassment. 1998 the Supreme Court decided in Ellerth v. Burlington Industries, No. 7-569 and Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, No. 97-282 that companies may be held vicariously liable if supervisors sexually harass workers even if the employees do not report the harassment and suffered no tangible loss. By making employers liable for supervisors sexual harassment encourages an employer, as no other regime does, to exercise the greatest possible care in screening prospective managers and in training, supervising and monitoring supervisory personnel. It gives employers an incentive to put effective policies and training programs in place.In fact, 54% of Fortune cholecalciferol employers admitted in one(a) survey that fears of legal exposure prompted them to establish company policies against harassment. And experience has shown these policies and programs work. Companies that have implemented sexual harassment training programs have report reduced numbers of claims that develop into lawsuits. http//www. hr-guide. com/data/A07202. htm yes this case would apply to pollards case because in this case alike the sexual harassment was not being reported. The companies were too held liable for what was going on with their employers. B.I think they apply the basic form of sexual haraasment in th eworkplcae because the boss did not threaten her with sexual advances but condonednthe mistreatment the other male employees had put on her. Even though she did not properly report the abuse I do feel that she was a victim because she encountered several incidents where her undecomposed swere violated. C. On June 26th, the U. S. Supreme Court decided the following two cases Burlington Industries v. Ellerth FactsThe employee, Kimberly Ellerth, worked for Burlington Industries from March 1993-May 1994, as a salesperson in one of Burlingtons divisions in Chicago, Ill.During her employment, she claims she was subjected to constant sexual harassment by her supervisor, Ted Slowik. Slowik was a mid-leve l manager. Burlington has eight divisions, employing more than 22,000 people in 50 plants around the U. S. Slowick was a vice prexy in one of five business units within one of the divisions. He had authority to make hiring and promotion decisions subject to the approval of his supervisor, who signed the paperwork. Slowik was not Ellerths contiguous supervisor. Ellerth worked in a two-person office in Chicago, and she answered to her colleague, who in turn answered to Slowik in New York. ttp//www. lkorn-law. com/articles/relevent/supreme_decides_sex_har. htm Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, and Burlington Industries Inc. v. Ellerth, the Supreme Court basically stated that the employer is responsible for the actions of the supervisor, even when the employer is unaware of the supervisors behavior. An employer can no longer claim that they did not know about the sexual harassment because the employee did not inform them, nor can they claim that they were unaware of the supervisors beha vior.Out of the two cases listed above the first one is relevant to the case because even though she was disciplined for cellphone phone usage she was still sent to some other area to be subjected to further humiliation by her male co-workers. The second case states where even though the Pollard did not reprt the abuse the supervisor was well aware of what was going on. D. Intentional discriminatory dealing with individuals having a disability or belonging to a particular group based on their age, ethnicity, race, or sex. The Human Rights commssion saw that Pollard was discriminated on due to her sex.Yes I fully agree with their decision. She should be awarded for all damages and future earnings. I would not want that particular job back but one in another area with maybe the identical company. Read more http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/disparate-treatment. htmlixzz17DKebnxM Points Received 40 of 40 Comments Great that you answered all parts of the question Also I like that you used the case in which the cell phone discipline took place while it was determined that harassment occurred. This shows that 2 wrongs do not make a right 3. Question The CEO asks you to review the sexual harassment policy currently in place, which Virginia signed. He wants you to provide him with suggestions for change to it. Review the policy and give trio recommendations for changes, enhancements and ideas for making the policy stronger. Include your reasons for these suggestions. If you find information online for making these changes, include citations and/or links to that information. Explain how your suggestions may have protected Teddys in this case. relief these recommendations with current case law. Your Answer The contract signed by Virginia was vague. It overly states that there will be a warning. She was terminated immediately. My suggestion would be to go further by having the employees attend sexual harassment training. They should also offer som e type of support for their employees who think they are experiencing it or actually experiencing it. They should also make the supervisors and all employees aware of their no tolerance policy. An employer should correct harassment that is clearly unwelcome regardless of whether a complaint is filed.For example, if there is graffiti in the workplace containing racial or sexual epithets, management should not wait for a complaint before erasing it. An employer should ensure that its supervisors and managers understand their responsibilities under the organizations anti-harassment policy and complaint procedures. An employer should screen applicants for supervisory jobs to see if they have a history of engaging in harassment. If so, and the employer hires such a candidate, it must take steps to monitor actions taken by that individual in order to prevent harassment.An employer should keep records of harassment complaints and check those records when a complaint of harassment is made t o reveal any patterns of harassment by the same individuals. http//www. eeoc. gov/policy/docs/harassment-facts. html Points Received 18 of 20 Comments How should the employer support employees? 4. Question How would Pollards case be impacted if her replacement had been a female? Would her case be different? Would her damages be different? Explain your answer. Your Answer Had Pollard been replaced by a female it would make her case weaker stating that it was her and her character in that position that caused the men to react the way that they did towards her. Replacing her with another male shows guilt on the companies side. Had they not been aware of the situation at hand or been doing something to avoid it, it wouldnt have made a difference if they would have hired another female. Her case would have been different because had they hired another female would have shown them being less guilty of any of the accusations against them. ecause they did hire a male, made them look more cautious or even suspicious. I dont know for sure if her damages would have been different but her case would have been. she was awarded damages on the jury thinking she was fired unlawfully. Points Received 5 of 10 Comments Why do we blame the woman? The employer has a duty to protect its employees from harassment that means the men MUST be required to leave off from harassment not just work with all men. Bottom of Form

Economic Boom of the 1920s Essay

Only those who know little or nothing about economics and the very naive did not know in the year 1925 that economic hard times follow good times as economic booms and slumps are cyclical. Still, there were various reasons why even flavour economists may have speculated that economic prosperity of the 1920s would continue forevermore. Machinery, manufacturing plants and the process of standardized mass production were the main reasons for the excitement of the 1920s (Schultz and Tischler).In fact, the miserliness of the United States continued to grow until 1929. The First World War had encouraged industry to expand. Labor shortages coupled with the need to increase production had stimulated the festering of efficient modes of production. Taylorism or scientific management to streamline processes of production in order to increase production capacity had been introduced around the country. With new machinery and management tools, worker productivity was raised. This rise in produ ctivity increased wages, thereby increasing consumption.Americans were as well as encouraged to use credit to fuel consumption at the time. The installment plan was an innovation of the 1920s. What is more, the government supported businesses by raising tariffs on foreign goods, reducing personal income tax and corporate tax, repealing taxes on profits, and looking into inequitable trade practices as a means to encourage businesses to expand (Schultz and Tischler). The consumer psychology in 1925 was another reason why many may have effectual that economic slumps are a thing of the past.Americans had the radio at the time, in addition to a growing motion picture industry to keep their mindsets positive. They also had electric appliances at home and a growing automobile industry making them believe their lives had changed forevermore in a positive direction (Schultz and Tischler). whence again, all those who know about the economic boom bust cycle were aware in 1925 that a slump is sure to follow a boom. plant life CitedSchultz, Stanley K. , and William P. Tischler. Civil War to the Present. American History 102. 1999. 1 Mar 2009.

Changing Teaching Styles Over Time Education Essay

The article by Andrew C Porter and Jere Brophy ( 1988 ) published by the Institute for research on Teaching analyzes the alterations in learning manner over the recent old ages and compared them with what happens now a twenty-four hours. In recent old ages we adjudge witnessed that there has been a great addition in the esteem of good instruction to non merely the effectualness of schooling but a homogeneous on the race of research on learning which would assist in the festering of a cognition base to inform the instruction profession about the holdfast tendencies. In the past old ages the policy shapers and bookmans merely concentrated on the educational equity instead than on the upgrading of the quality of learning profession. Today it is being seen that educational reform leaders states that we have to presume new powers and duties in order to redesign schools for the hereafter and fix knowing instructors. Different orientations to learning are in any event being discussed in this article that reflect the different ends that instructors hold about their direction merely needed to explicate the difference among the instruction effectivity. There is no 1 to one relationship between instructor s ends and results, effectivity can merely be measured through and through the topic cognition, teaching order and pupil valuations. Some of the major features of a instructor are being discussed. They promote larning through pass oning with their pupils they provide their pupils with those schemes that are good for them in observe and let oning their ain acquisition attempts with the aid of different acquisition activities. They non merely cognize their topic in deepness but to a fault seek to get the best of the myocardial infarction leadings that pupil bring to category in relation to their topic.Richard M. Felder and Rebecca Brent ( 1999 ) conducted a research paper that majorly focused on the cardinal footings like the Total Quality Management, effect ual Institutional Teaching Improvement Program, and Assessment and paygrade of Teaching Quality. It chiefly discusses the application of the Total Quality Management in the higher instruction that tends to better the instruction quality. First, the research examines the quality of direction at single footing. Second, so after wards a more complex approach of analysing that how an academic organisation improves the quality of its instructional plan. In the visible radiation of both the person every collation good as the organisational degree winning into history the cultural differences it is besides mentioned that how the quality direction contributes in the betterment of instruction.Timothy J. Gallagher ( 2000 ) , in the article Embracing Student Evaluations of Teaching elaborates the pupil rating as of import standards in mensurating learning effectivity. This affects the quality of learning as a whole. A valid and dependable pupil rating is proven to be an accurate index of mensurating learning effectivity. It can be either measured globally, that is the overall instruction manner. Evaluation can besides be based on specific footings like lucidity, context, account etc. The theory that is discussed in this article tells us that the teacher rating should be utile in nature. For this to be implemented it must be conducted in a civilization that supports the instruction betterment.Chambers, Catherine M. Chambers, Paul E ( 2004 ) , in the article named Teaching Quality, research and term of office focal points on the quality of learning. Teaching quality is affected by scholarship and pedagogical preparation. In the context of the entire quality direction model the fundamental interaction of instruction and scholarship is being investigated. A strong inducement is being portrayed towards the presentation of learning proficiencies and the research being published. Two of the major constituents of a good instructor are being discussed in this article. Th ey are the schoolroom presentation and content of the class that is delivered. Research is considered as an of import activity to better the human capital that is besides an of import constituent. It helps in the betterment of module s quality of instruction.Ronald A. Berk ( 2005 ) , in the article that was published in the International journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education discusses the 12 schemes that are used to mensurate learning effectivity. Teaching effectivity is being measured through different positions like pupil evaluations, self-evaluation, pictures, pupil interviews, alumni evaluations, and employee evaluations, decision maker evaluations, learning scholarships, learning awards, larning outcome step and instruction portfolios. It besides highlights the importance of learning effectivity as it is used for doing major determinations that are formative and summational in nature. They fundamentally focus on bettering and determining the quality of instructio n every man good as the overall performance/status of instructors.The article published in the International Journal of Educational Development by J. Barrs ( 2005 ) , emphasizes on 2 of import points that are the deductions of the quality of instruction and the operators that contribute to the motive of instructors in rural Punjab. These are besides considered as the of import footings being used to poll the impact on instructor s public presentation. The research that is carried throughout this article concludes that the impact of local administration has shown a positive consequence on non merely instructor s degree of motive but besides their position. Teacher s attending and their followers of contractual duties have improved through the execution of better answerability and monitoring techniques.Eric A Hanushek and Steven G Rivkin ( 2007 ) researched that how the variables like wage and working conditions have impacted the quality of learning. The writers have come up with the decisions that how salary and work environment affect the quality of schoolroom direction. It is besides being discussed that how quality of learning if affected when instructors move from one school to another. This factor besides has a really deep impact on the accomplishment of pupils. Wages and pupil features are besides examined because it affects learning quality every bit good as the pupil accomplishment. It besides explains that how the fluctuations in the wages and working conditions are impacting the different communities that are the urban, rural, and suburban. It besides gives us the thought that how the tendencies are altering in context with the wages. Working conditions does non alter every bit often as the wages do. While sing policies related to learning wages should be taken as a benchmark as it provides a good step of alterations that take topographic point in the instructor s quality. A broader decision is that salary additions are considered as both expensiv e and uneffective factors while covering with the quality of instruction.Tony Yeigh ( 2008 ) , in his paper that was published in the Australian Journal of Teacher Education negotiations about the importance of learning accomplishments that are required for efficient instruction. He besides discusses that these accomplishments need to be upgraded and necessitate development and shining. It is besides highlighted that how these accomplishments impact the acquisition. The theoretical account that is mentioned in this paper is non merely good for the pupils but besides for the instructors. It helps in bettering the pupils larning results and besides the professional acquisition of the instructors. It in general talks about the three dimensions of quality instruction. The quality of instruction is explained through the dimensions of rational quality, quality acquisition environment and in conclusion the significance. The paper besides throws some visible radiation on some of the of imp ort features of a good instructor. It besides focuses on the professional acquisition procedures, along with the fact that how these processes farther on aid us in accomplishing the instruction quality that we are seeking to pull out.Shuhong Wen ( 2008 ) , in the research paper focuses on the Evaluation Indicator for learning Quality of college instructors. It besides discusses the endowments that are at that place at the high degree, high devising and invention ability that are considered to be the undertaking of the higher instruction. The degree of quality of learning determines the degree of the endowments that are being cultivated and influences the being and development of colleges. If the rating is carried out efficaciously it may bring forth right counsel and inducement map, trigger the enthusiasm rate of instructors towards their profession, and better the instruction methods and contents that finally raise the quality of learning. It besides reflects the major maps of th e index system, and how it with its measure by measure attack helps in the rating of learning quality.

Moral Issues in the United States Navy

The join States Navy is a branch of the United States armed forces. The USN has a goal of educating and preparing combat-ready naval forces. The United States Navys perpetration is to produce naval forces that argon proficient and skilled in combat care especially in winning wars and able to sustain freedom of the seas. In addition to this, most of the naval operations are under their responsibility. It traces its origins to the Continental Navy, and nowadays, there are over 335,000 personnel and operates 280 ships on active duty.The military professionals, including those in the navy are expected by the society to follow a higher honourable standard. It is the mission and the image that people or the society sees upon these professionals. As such, there is a need for the strict performance of professional ethics and moral codes. Generals or commanders always enforce their troops or subordinates to follow moral wellness.If moral failure occurs or when an officer was non able t o follow direct orders keep backn to him, they give reprimands and even punishments. The punishment can either be suspension, dismissal from service, demotion or being jailed in a military prison. Furthermore, because of these expectations and high moral standards, moral problems of the slightest case are treated immediately. Actions are make in order to correct whatever mistake was committed that may put a disfigure on the name of the navy.In an article by Sara Corbett, which was published on March 18, 2007 at the modern York Times, a female United States Navy faced melancholy and turmoil due to a unsubdivided moral problem that she committed. The United States Navy at that time had to depart or be deployed in Iraq for the war. Due to personal reasons, Suzanne fleet who was a 21-year-old, went AWOL or absence without official leave.She did not newspaper on her duties for two days and stayed away hiding from the navy through the help of her friends. She continuously accredit ed messages and calls from her superiors and fellow soldiers during her AWOL scarce still, she did not report on her duties. By the month of April, after the dismissal of the ship where Suzanne Swift was supposed to board, she returned to her familys home (Corbett, 2007).By the 11th of June, there were two local officers who visited her familys home and found her painting her toenails. The local officers arrested Suzanne Swift and brought her to county jail. After two days, she was taken to strengthen Lewis wherein she would be charged with being AWOL. Unable to continue her duties as a soldier, she was placed on a room in the barracks where she performed desk jobs. The military procedures when it comes to AWOL soldiers are really established that consummations taken are promptly.Utilitarianism refers to the principle of ethics wherein the action considered or taken is in the form of consequentialism. In addition to this, the course of action that is taken is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility. In simple terms, it is for the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Mill, 1998). In the case of Suzanne Swift, the navy left without her because it is the right thing to do, for them not to delay their mission and contribute to the benefit of the many.On the other hand, it was not morally right for Swift to abandon her duties since she was merely thinking of herself and not the benefit of others. In the field, she could help her fellow soldiers and even maintenance in their cause, but she chose not to. Suzanne Swift has the right for a lawyer and the right to defend her stand, but if utilitarianism is considered as basis for judging her, then she would be instantly convicted guilty.Works CitedCorbett, Sara. The Womens War. The New York Times (March 18, 2007). January 14, 2008 .Mill, magic Stuary. Utilitarianism. New York Oxford University Press, 1998.